Nanoparticles na Azurfa (AgNPs) ana ɗaukar su azaman kayan aiki mai yuwuwa don sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban.Koyaya, akwai damuwa game da sakin AgNPs a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na muhalli, saboda suna iya haifar da mummunan tasirin lafiyar ɗan adam da tasirin muhalli.A cikin wannan binciken, mun ƙirƙira da kimanta wani sabon abu na micrometer-sized Magnetic hybrid colloid (MHC) wanda aka yi wa ado da AgNPs masu girma dabam dabam (AgNP-MHCs).Bayan an yi amfani da su don maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta, ana iya samun waɗannan barbashi cikin sauƙi daga kafofin watsa labarai ta muhalli ta amfani da kayan aikinsu na maganadisu kuma su kasance masu tasiri don kashe ƙwayoyin cuta.Mun kimanta ingancin AgNP-MHCs don kunna bacteriophage ϕX174, murine norovirus (MNV), da adenovirus serotype 2 (AdV2).Waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta da aka yi niyya an fallasa su zuwa AgNP-MHCs don 1, 3, da 6 h a 25°C sannan an bincika su ta hanyar tantancewar plaque da TaqMan PCR na ainihi.An fallasa AgNP-MHCs zuwa matakan pH masu yawa da kuma famfo da ruwa mai zurfi don tantance tasirin rigakafin su a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban na muhalli.Daga cikin nau'ikan AgNP-MHC guda uku da aka gwada, Ag30-MHCs sun nuna mafi girman inganci don kashe ƙwayoyin cuta.An rage ϕX174 da MNV da fiye da 2 log10 bayan fallasa zuwa 4.6 × 109 Ag30-MHCs/ml na 1 h.Waɗannan sakamakon sun nuna cewa za a iya amfani da AgNP-MHCs don kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri tare da ƙaramin damar yuwuwar sakin cikin yanayi.

Tare da ci gaban kwanan nan a nanotechnology, nanoparticles suna samun ƙarin kulawa a duk duniya a fannonin fasahar kere-kere, magani, da lafiyar jama'a (1,2).Saboda girman girman girman su zuwa sama, kayan nano masu girman gaske, yawanci jere daga 10 zuwa 500 nm, suna da kaddarorin physicochemical na musamman idan aka kwatanta da na manyan kayan.1).Za a iya sarrafa siffar da girman nanomaterials, kuma takamaiman ƙungiyoyin aiki za a iya haɗa su a saman su don ba da damar hulɗa tare da wasu sunadaran gina jiki ko ɗaukar ciki (3,-5).

Azurfa nanoparticles (AgNPs) an yi nazarin ko'ina a matsayin wakili na antimicrobial (6).Ana amfani da azurfa wajen ƙirƙirar cutlery masu kyau, don ado, da kuma a cikin magungunan warkewa.An yi amfani da mahadi na azurfa kamar sulfadiazine na azurfa da wasu gishiri azaman samfuran kula da rauni kuma azaman jiyya don cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta (antimicrobial Properties).6,7).Nazarin kwanan nan sun bayyana cewa AgNPs suna da tasiri sosai don kunna nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban (8,-11).AgNPs da Ag+ ions da aka saki daga AgNPs suna hulɗa kai tsaye tare da kwayoyin halittu masu ɗauke da phosphorus- ko sulfur, gami da DNA, RNA, da sunadarai12,-14).An kuma nuna su don samar da nau'in oxygen mai amsawa (ROS), yana haifar da lalacewar membrane a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta (15).Girma, siffar, da tattarawar AgNPs suma mahimman abubuwan da suka shafi iyawar ƙwayoyin cuta (antimicrobial).8,10,13,16,17).

Nazarin da suka gabata sun kuma nuna matsaloli da yawa lokacin da ake amfani da AgNPs don sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin yanayin ruwa.Na farko, binciken da ake ciki akan tasirin AgNPs don kunna ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwa yana iyakance.Bugu da kari, monodispersed AgNPs ne yawanci batun da barbashi-barbashi tara saboda da kananan size da kuma babban surface area, kuma wadannan aggregates rage tasiri na AgNPs a kan microbial pathogens (7).A ƙarshe, an nuna AgNPs suna da tasirin cytotoxic daban-daban (5,18,-20), da kuma sakin AgNPs a cikin yanayin ruwa zai iya haifar da lafiyar ɗan adam da matsalolin muhalli.

Kwanan nan, mun ƙirƙira wani sabon labari mai girman girman magnetic hybrid colloid (MHC) wanda aka yi wa ado da AgNPs masu girma dabam dabam (21,22).Ana iya amfani da ainihin MHC don dawo da abubuwan haɗin AgNP daga mahalli.Mun kimanta tasirin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta na waɗannan nanoparticles na azurfa akan MHCs (AgNP-MHCs) ta amfani da bacteriophage ϕX174, murine norovirus (MNV), da adenovirus a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban na muhalli.

Sakamakon Antiviral na AgNP-MHCs a wurare daban-daban akan bacteriophage ϕX174 (a), MNV (b), da AdV2 (c).An bi da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta tare da nau'i daban-daban na AgNP-MHCs, kuma tare da OH-MHCs (4.6 × 109 barbashi / ml) a matsayin sarrafawa, a cikin incubator mai girgiza (150 rpm, 1 h, 25 ° C).An yi amfani da hanyar tantance plaque don auna ƙwayoyin cuta masu tsira.Ƙimar ƙima tana nufin ± daidaitattun sabawa (SD) daga gwaje-gwaje masu zaman kansu guda uku.Asterisks suna nuna ƙima daban-daban sosai (P<0.05 ta hanya ɗaya ANOVA tare da gwajin Dunnett).

Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa AgNP-MHCs suna da tasiri don kunna bacteriophages da MNV, mai maye gurbin norovirus na mutum, a cikin ruwa.Bugu da ƙari, AgNP-MHCs za a iya samun sauƙin dawo da su tare da maganadisu, yadda ya kamata ya hana sakin AgNPs masu guba a cikin yanayi.Yawancin binciken da aka yi a baya sun nuna cewa maida hankali da girman barbashi na AgNPs sune mahimman dalilai don hana ƙwayoyin cuta da aka yi niyya.8,16,17).Sakamakon antimicrobial na AgNPs kuma ya dogara da nau'in ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta.Ingancin AgNP-MHCs don kunna ϕX174 ya biyo bayan alaƙar amsa kashi.Daga cikin AgNP-MHCs da aka gwada, Ag30-MHCs suna da inganci mafi girma don kunna ϕX174 da MNV.Ga MNV, Ag30-MHCs ne kawai ke nuna aikin rigakafin cutar, tare da sauran AgNP-MHCs ba sa haifar da wani gagarumin rashin kunnawa na MNV.Babu wani daga cikin AgNP-MHCs da ke da wani muhimmin aikin rigakafin cutar kanjamau akan AdV2.

Baya ga girman barbashi, ƙaddamar da azurfa a cikin AgNP-MHCs yana da mahimmanci.Matsakaicin azurfa ya bayyana don tantance ingancin tasirin antiviral na AgNP-MHCs.Ƙididdigar azurfa a cikin mafita na Ag07-MHCs da Ag30-MHCs a 4.6 × 109 barbashi / ml sun kasance 28.75 ppm da 200 ppm, bi da bi, kuma sun danganta da matakin aikin antiviral.Table 2yana taƙaita adadin azurfa da wuraren da aka gwada AgNP-MHC.Ag07-MHCs sun nuna mafi ƙarancin aikin antiviral kuma suna da mafi ƙasƙanci na azurfa da yanki na ƙasa, suna nuna cewa waɗannan kaddarorin suna da alaƙa da aikin antiviral na AgNP-MHCs.

Binciken da muka yi a baya ya nuna cewa manyan hanyoyin maganin rigakafi na AgNP-MHCs sune sinadaran abstraction na Mg2+ ko Ca2+ ions daga microbial membranes, halittar hadaddun tare da kungiyoyin thiol dake cikin membranes, da kuma samar da nau'in oxygen mai amsawa (ROS) (21).Saboda AgNP-MHCs suna da girman girman barbashi (~ 500 nm), yana da wuya su iya shiga capsid mai hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri.Madadin haka, AgNP-MHCs sun bayyana suna hulɗa tare da sunadaran saman hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri.AgNPs akan abubuwan haɗin gwiwa suna daure rukuni-rukuni na thiol wanda ke ɗauke da biomolecules waɗanda aka saka a cikin sunadaran ƙwayoyin cuta.Don haka, abubuwan sinadarai na ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta suna da mahimmanci don tantance yiwuwar su ga AgNP-MHCs.Hoto 1yana nuna nau'ikan nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa tasirin AgNP-MHCs.Bakteriophages ϕX174 da MNV sun kasance masu saurin kamuwa da AgNP-MHCs, amma AdV2 yana da juriya.Babban matakin juriya na AdV2 ana iya danganta shi da girmansa da tsarinsa.Adenoviruses suna girma daga 70 zuwa 100 nm (30), yana sanya su girma fiye da ϕX174 (27 zuwa 33 nm) da MNV (28 zuwa 35 nm) (31,32).Bugu da ƙari, girman girman su, adenoviruses suna da DNA guda biyu, ba kamar sauran ƙwayoyin cuta ba, kuma suna da tsayayya ga matsalolin muhalli daban-daban kamar zafi da UV radiation (33,34).Bincikenmu na baya ya ruwaito cewa kusan raguwar 3-log10 na MS2 ya faru tare da Ag30-MHCs a cikin sa'o'i 6.21).MS2 da ϕX174 suna da girma iri ɗaya tare da nau'ikan acid nucleic (RNA ko DNA) amma suna da irin wannan ƙimar rashin kunnawa ta Ag30-MHCs.Saboda haka, yanayin acid nucleic ba ya bayyana a matsayin babban mahimmanci don juriya ga AgNP-MHCs.Madadin haka, girman da siffar kwayar cutar kwayar cutar kwayar cutar kwayar cuta ta bayyana sun fi mahimmanci, saboda adenovirus kwayar cuta ce da ta fi girma.Ag30-MHCs sun sami kusan raguwar 2-log10 na M13 a cikin sa'o'i 6 (bayanan mu da ba a buga ba).M13 kwayar halittar DNA ce mai igiya guda ɗaya (35) kuma yana da ~ 880 nm a tsayi da 6.6 nm a diamita (36).Adadin rashin kunna ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta filamentous M13 ya kasance tsaka-tsaki tsakanin waɗanda ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta masu tsari (MNV, ϕX174, da MS2) da kuma babbar ƙwayar cuta (AdV2).

A cikin binciken da aka gabatar, rashin kunna motsin motsi na MNV ya bambanta sosai a cikin gwajin plaque da gwajin RT-PCR (Hoto 2bkumakuma) c).Ƙididdigar kwayoyin halitta irin su RT-PCR an san su da ƙima da ƙimar rashin kunnawa na ƙwayoyin cuta.25,28), kamar yadda aka samo a cikin bincikenmu.Saboda AgNP-MHCs suna hulɗa da farko tare da saman hoto, sun fi dacewa su lalata sunadaran rigar hoto maimakon ƙwayoyin nucleic acid.Saboda haka, gwajin RT-PCR don auna kwayar nucleic acid na iya rage girman rashin kunna ƙwayoyin cuta.Sakamakon Ag+ ions da kuma samar da nau'in oxygen mai amsawa (ROS) yakamata su kasance da alhakin rashin kunna ƙwayoyin cuta da aka gwada.Duk da haka, yawancin nau'o'in hanyoyin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta na AgNP-MHCs har yanzu ba a sani ba, kuma ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike ta amfani da hanyoyin fasahar halittu don bayyana tsarin babban juriya na AdV2.

A ƙarshe, mun kimanta ƙarfin aikin antiviral na Ag30-MHCs ta hanyar fallasa su zuwa ƙimar ƙimar pH da yawa da kuma famfo da samfuran ruwa na sama kafin auna aikin rigakafin su.Hoto 3kumakuma 4).4).Bayyanawa ga ƙananan yanayin pH ya haifar da asarar jiki da/ko aikin AgNPs daga MHC (bayanan da ba a buga ba).A gaban ɓangarorin da ba na musamman ba, Ag30-MHCs koyaushe suna nuna ayyukan rigakafin cutar, duk da raguwar ayyukan rigakafin cutar kan MS2.Ayyukan antiviral ya kasance mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin ruwa maras tacewa, kamar yadda hulɗar tsakanin Ag30-MHCs da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwa mai tsananin turbid mai yiwuwa ya haifar da raguwar ayyukan antiviral.Table 3).Don haka, yakamata a yi kimar filin AgNP-MHC a cikin nau'ikan ruwa daban-daban (misali, tare da adadin gishiri daban-daban ko humic acid) a nan gaba.

A ƙarshe, sababbin abubuwan AgNP-MHCs, suna da ingantattun damar rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa, gami da ϕX174 da MNV.AgNP-MHCs suna kula da inganci mai ƙarfi a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban na muhalli, kuma ana iya samun waɗannan barbashi cikin sauƙi ta amfani da maganadisu, don haka rage tasirin cutarwa ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli.Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa haɗin AgNP na iya zama ingantaccen maganin rigakafi a cikin saitunan muhalli daban-daban, ba tare da haɗarin muhalli mai mahimmanci ba.