Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) amaonedwa kuti ndi chida chothandizira kuwongolera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.Komabe, pali zodetsa nkhawa za kutulutsidwa kwa ma AgNP muzachilengedwe, chifukwa atha kubweretsa zovuta pamoyo wamunthu komanso zachilengedwe.Mu kafukufukuyu, tidapanga ndikuwunika buku la micrometer-size magnetic hybrid colloid (MHC) yokongoletsedwa ndi ma AgNP (AgNP-MHC) osiyanasiyana.Pambuyo ntchito kwa disinfection, particles izi mosavuta anachira ku chilengedwe TV ntchito maginito katundu ndi kukhala ogwira inactivating tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.Tidawunika mphamvu ya AgNP-MHCs pakuletsa bacteriophage ϕX174, murine norovirus (MNV), ndi adenovirus serotype 2 (AdV2).Ma virus omwe amawatsatawa adawonetsedwa ndi AgNP-MHCs kwa 1, 3, ndi 6 h pa 25 ° C kenako ndikuwunikidwa ndi zoyeserera komanso nthawi yeniyeni ya TaqMan PCR.Ma AgNP-MHC adawonetsedwa pamitundu yambiri ya pH ndikupopera ndi madzi apamtunda kuti awone zotsatira zawo zolimbana ndi ma virus pansi pamikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana ya chilengedwe.Mwa mitundu itatu ya ma AgNP-MHC omwe adayesedwa, ma Ag30-MHC adawonetsa kuthandizira kwambiri pakuletsa ma virus.The ϕX174 ndi MNV adachepetsedwa ndi 2 log10 pambuyo powonekera kwa 4.6 × 109 Ag30-MHCs / ml kwa 1 h.Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kuti ma AgNP-MHCs atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mwayi wocheperako wotha kumasulidwa ku chilengedwe.

Ndi kupita patsogolo kwaposachedwa kwa nanotechnology, ma nanoparticles akhala akulandira chidwi chowonjezereka padziko lonse lapansi pankhani ya sayansi ya zamankhwala, zamankhwala, ndi thanzi la anthu (1,2).Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake kwa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa voliyumu, zida zazikuluzikulu za nano, zomwe zimayambira 10 mpaka 500 nm, zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera achilengedwe poyerekeza ndi zida zazikulu.1).Maonekedwe ndi kukula kwa nanomatadium zitha kuwongoleredwa, ndipo magulu ena ogwira ntchito amatha kulumikizidwa pamalo awo kuti athe kuyanjana ndi mapuloteni ena kapena kutengeka kwa intracellular (3,-5).

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) adaphunzira kwambiri ngati antimicrobial agent (6).Siliva imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zodula bwino, zokongoletsa, komanso zochizira.Mankhwala a siliva monga silver sulfadiazine ndi mchere wina akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala osamalira mabala komanso ngati mankhwala a matenda opatsirana chifukwa cha antimicrobial properties.6,7).Kafukufuku waposachedwa wawonetsa kuti ma AgNPs ndi othandiza kwambiri poyambitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabakiteriya ndi ma virus (8,-11).AgNPs ndi Ag + ayoni otulutsidwa kuchokera ku AgNPs amalumikizana mwachindunji ndi ma biomolecules okhala ndi phosphorous kapena sulfure, kuphatikiza DNA, RNA, ndi mapuloteni.12,-14).Zawonetsedwanso kuti zimapanga mitundu ya okosijeni yokhazikika (ROS), zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonongeka kwa nembanemba mu tizilombo tating'onoting'ono (15).Kukula, mawonekedwe, ndi kuchuluka kwa ma AgNP ndizinthu zofunikanso zomwe zimakhudza mphamvu zawo zopha tizilombo.8,10,13,16,17).

Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adawonetsanso zovuta zingapo pomwe ma AgNP amagwiritsidwa ntchito powongolera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'madzi.Choyamba, maphunziro omwe alipo pakuchita bwino kwa ma AgNPs pakuletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'madzi ndi ochepa.Komanso, monodispersed AgNPs ali ambiri pansi tinthu-tinthu aggregation chifukwa cha ang'onoang'ono kukula ndi lalikulu padziko m'dera, ndipo aggregates kuchepetsa mphamvu ya AgNPs motsutsana tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.7).Pomaliza, ma AgNP awonetsedwa kuti ali ndi zotsatira zosiyanasiyana za cytotoxic (5,18,-20), komanso kutulutsidwa kwa ma AgNP m'malo amadzi kungayambitse mavuto a thanzi la anthu komanso zachilengedwe.

Posachedwapa, tinapanga buku la micrometer-kakulidwe maginito wosakanizidwa colloid (MHC) chokongoletsedwa ndi ma AgNP amitundu yosiyanasiyana (21,22).Pakatikati pa MHC chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kubwezeretsanso zophatikiza za AgNP kuchokera ku chilengedwe.Tinayesa mphamvu ya antiviral ya nanoparticles ya silivayi pa MHCs (AgNP-MHCs) pogwiritsa ntchito bacteriophage ϕX174, murine norovirus (MNV), ndi adenovirus pansi pazikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana.

Antiviral zotsatira za AgNP-MHCs pa ndende zosiyanasiyana motsutsana bacteriophage ϕX174 (a), MNV (b), ndi AdV2 (c).Ma virus omwe amawatsata amathandizidwa ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a AgNP-MHC, komanso ma OH-MHC (4.6 × 109 particles/ml) monga chowongolera, mu chofungatira chogwedeza (150 rpm, 1 h, 25 ° C).Njira yoyesa plaque idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza ma virus omwe adapulumuka.Makhalidwe amatanthauza ± zopatuka wamba (SD) kuchokera pazoyesera zitatu zodziyimira pawokha.Nyenyezi zimasonyeza mikhalidwe yosiyana kwambiri (P<0.05 mwa njira imodzi ANOVA yokhala ndi mayeso a Dunnett).

Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti ma AgNP-MHC ndi othandiza poyambitsa ma bacteriophages ndi MNV, wolowa m'madzi a norovirus yamunthu.Kuphatikiza apo, ma AgNP-MHC amatha kubwezeredwa mosavuta ndi maginito, ndikuletsa kutulutsidwa kwa ma AgNP omwe angakhale oopsa m'chilengedwe.Kafukufuku wambiri wam'mbuyomu adawonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa ma AgNPs ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndizofunikira kwambiri pakulepheretsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.8,16,17).Zotsatira za antimicrobial za AgNPs zimadaliranso mtundu wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.Kuchita bwino kwa AgNP-MHCs poyambitsa ϕX174 kumatsatira ubale woyankha mlingo.Pakati pa ma AgNP-MHC omwe adayesedwa, Ag30-MHCs anali ndi mphamvu yapamwamba yoletsa ϕX174 ndi MNV.Kwa MNV, ma Ag30-MHC okha ndi omwe amawonetsa ntchito zoletsa ma virus, pomwe ma AgNP-MHC ena sanapangitse kuti MNV itsegulidwe.Palibe ma AgNP-MHC omwe anali ndi zoletsa zotsutsana ndi AdV2.

Kuphatikiza pa kukula kwa tinthu, kuchuluka kwa siliva mu AgNP-MHCs kunalinso kofunikira.Kuchuluka kwa siliva kumawoneka kuti kukuwonetsa mphamvu ya antivayirasi ya AgNP-MHCs.Kuphatikizika kwa siliva mumayankho a Ag07-MHCs ndi Ag30-MHCs pa 4.6 × 109 particles/ml kunali 28.75 ppm ndi 200 ppm, motsatana, ndipo kumagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa antiviral.Table 2ikufotokozera mwachidule kuchuluka kwa siliva ndi madera akumtunda a AgNP-MHCs oyesedwa.Ma Ag07-MHC adawonetsa ntchito yotsika kwambiri ya antiviral ndipo anali ndi siliva wotsika kwambiri komanso malo ocheperako, kutanthauza kuti zinthu izi zikugwirizana ndi ntchito yoletsa ma virus ya AgNP-MHCs.

Kafukufuku wathu wam'mbuyomu adawonetsa kuti njira zazikulu za antimicrobial za AgNP-MHCs ndizotulutsa mankhwala a Mg2 + kapena Ca2 + ions kuchokera ku tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, kupanga ma complexes omwe ali ndi magulu a thiol omwe ali pazitsulo, komanso kubadwa kwa mitundu yowonjezereka ya oxygen (ROS) (21).Chifukwa AgNP-MHCs ali ndi kukula kwakukulu kwa tinthu (~500 nm), sizingatheke kuti alowe mu capsid ya tizilombo.M'malo mwake, ma AgNP-MHC amawoneka kuti amalumikizana ndi mapuloteni apamtunda.Ma AgNP pamaguluwo amakonda kumangirira ma biomolecule okhala ndi gulu la thiol ophatikizidwa ndi mapuloteni a ma virus.Chifukwa chake, mawonekedwe a biochemical a ma virus a capsid mapuloteni ndiofunikira kuti athe kudziwa kutengeka kwawo ku AgNP-MHCs.Chithunzi 1ikuwonetsa kuthekera kosiyanasiyana kwa ma virus ku zotsatira za AgNP-MHCs.Ma bacteriophages ϕX174 ndi MNV anali otengeka ndi AgNP-MHCs, koma AdV2 inali yosamva.Mulingo wapamwamba wokana wa AdV2 ukhoza kulumikizidwa ndi kukula kwake ndi kapangidwe kake.Adenoviruses amatha kukula kuchokera 70 mpaka 100 nm (30), kuzipangitsa kukhala zazikulu kuposa ϕX174 (27 mpaka 33 nm) ndi MNV (28 mpaka 35 nm) (31,32).Kuphatikiza pa kukula kwawo kwakukulu, ma adenoviruses ali ndi DNA yamitundu iwiri, mosiyana ndi mavairasi ena, ndipo sagonjetsedwa ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe monga kutentha ndi kuwala kwa UV (33,34).Kafukufuku wathu wam'mbuyomu adanenanso kuti pafupifupi kuchepetsedwa kwa 3-log10 kwa MS2 kunachitika ndi Ag30-MHCs mkati mwa 6 h (21).MS2 ndi ϕX174 ali ndi kukula kofanana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nucleic acid (RNA kapena DNA) koma ali ndi miyeso yofanana ya kusagwira ntchito ndi Ag30-MHCs.Chifukwa chake, chikhalidwe cha nucleic acid sichikuwoneka ngati chomwe chimayambitsa kukana kwa AgNP-MHCs.M'malo mwake, kukula ndi mawonekedwe a tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tidawoneka kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa adenovirus ndi kachilombo kokulirapo.Ma Ag30-MHC adapeza pafupifupi kuchepetsedwa kwa 2-log10 kwa M13 mkati mwa 6 h (deta yathu yosasindikizidwa).M13 ndi kachilombo ka DNA ka chingwe chimodzi (35) ndipo ndi ∼880 nm m’litali ndi 6.6 nm m’mimba mwake (36).Mlingo wa inctivation wa filamentous bacteriophage M13 unali wapakatikati pakati pa ma virus ang'onoang'ono, ozungulira (MNV, ϕX174, ndi MS2) ndi kachilombo kakang'ono (AdV2).

Pakafukufuku wapano, ma kinetics oyambitsa a MNV anali osiyana kwambiri pakuyesa kwa plaque ndi kuyesa kwa RT-PCR (Chithunzi 2bndindi) c).Kuyesa kwa mamolekyulu monga RT-PCR amadziwika kuti amachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa ma virus.25,28), monga zapezeka mu phunziro lathu.Chifukwa ma AgNP-MHC amalumikizana makamaka ndi ma virus pamwamba, amatha kuwononga mapuloteni amtundu wa ma virus m'malo mwa ma viral nucleic acid.Chifukwa chake, kuyesa kwa RT-PCR kuyeza ma viral nucleic acid kungachepetse kwambiri kusakhazikika kwa ma virus.Zotsatira za ma Ag + ions komanso kupanga mitundu ya okosijeni yokhazikika (ROS) kuyenera kukhala ndi udindo pakuletsa ma virus omwe ayesedwa.Komabe, mbali zambiri zamakina oletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a AgNP-MHCs sizikudziwikabe, ndipo kufufuza kwina kogwiritsa ntchito njira za sayansi ya sayansi ya zakuthambo n'kofunika kuti timvetse bwino momwe AdV2 amakanira kwambiri.

Pomaliza, tidawunika kulimba kwa ntchito yoletsa ma virus ya Ag30-MHCs powawonetsa kumitundu yosiyanasiyana ya pH komanso kuyesa ndi zitsanzo zamadzi pamtunda musanayeze ntchito yawo yoletsa ma virus.Chithunzi 3ndindi4).4).Kuwonetsedwa kwa pH yotsika kwambiri kunapangitsa kuti ma AgNP awonongeke komanso/kapena atayike kuchokera ku MHC (zosasindikizidwa).Pamaso pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, ma Ag30-MHC amawonetsa nthawi zonse antivayirasi, ngakhale kuchepa kwa antivayirasi motsutsana ndi MS2.Ntchito ya antiviral inali yotsika kwambiri m'madzi osasefedwa, chifukwa kuyanjana pakati pa Ag30-MHCs ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono m'madzi amadzi amadzi okhathamira kwambiri mwina kudapangitsa kuti ntchito yoletsa ma virus ichepe.Table 3).Choncho, kuwunika kwa ma AgNP-MHC m'madzi amitundu yosiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo, okhala ndi mchere wosiyanasiyana kapena humic acid) kuyenera kuchitidwa mtsogolo.

Pomaliza, ma composites atsopano a Ag, AgNP-MHCs, ali ndi mphamvu zolimbana ndi ma virus angapo, kuphatikiza ϕX174 ndi MNV.AgNP-MHCs amakhalabe ogwira mtima pansi pazikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe, ndipo tinthu tating'onoting'ono titha kubwezeretsedwa mosavuta pogwiritsa ntchito maginito, motero kuchepetsa zomwe zingawononge thanzi la anthu komanso chilengedwe.Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti gulu la AgNP litha kukhala antivayirasi wogwira mtima m'malo osiyanasiyana achilengedwe, popanda kuwopsa kwachilengedwe.