Chiyambi: Kuyambira kukhazikitsidwa kwa Insulating Glass Unit (IGU), zigawo zazenera zakhala zikukula pang'onopang'ono kuti zipititse patsogolo kutentha kwa nyumbayo.Mkonzi wapadera Scott Gibson (Scott Gibson) adawonetsa momwe mapangidwe a IGU akuyendera, kuyambira pakupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zokutira zochepetsera mpweya mpaka pakupanga mawindo agalasi kupatula glazing iwiri, mafilimu oyimitsidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mpweya woteteza, komanso Kumvetsetsa kwamtsogolo luso.
Mawindo a Andersen adayambitsa magalasi opangidwa ndi insulated mu 1952, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri.Ogula atha kugula zinthu zomwe zimaphatikiza magalasi awiri ndi gawo lotsekera mu chinthu chimodzi.Kwa eni nyumba osawerengeka, kutulutsidwa kwa malonda kwa Andersen kunatanthauza kutha kwa ntchito yotopetsa ya mazenera achiwawa.Chofunika kwambiri, m'zaka zapitazi za 70, chiyambi cha mafakitale chakhala chikuwongolera mobwerezabwereza kutentha kwa mawindo.
Multi-pane Insulating Glass Window (IGU) imaphatikiza zokutira zitsulo ndi magawo odzaza gasi kuti nyumbayo ikhale yabwino komanso kuchepetsa kutentha ndi kuzizira.Posintha mawonekedwe a zokutira zotsika kwambiri (otsika-e) ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito mwasankha, opanga magalasi amatha kusintha ma IGU pazosowa ndi nyengo.Koma ngakhale ndi utoto wabwino kwambiri ndi gasi, opanga magalasi akuvutikabe.
Poyerekeza ndi makoma akunja a nyumba zapamwamba zogwirira ntchito, galasi yabwino kwambiri imapangitsa kuti ma insulators akhale otsika.Mwachitsanzo, khoma la nyumba yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ndi R-40, pamene U-factor ya zenera lapamwamba lazitsulo zitatu likhoza kukhala 0,15, lomwe liri lofanana ndi R-6.6.Lamulo la International Energy Conservation Law la 2018 limafuna kuti ngakhale m'madera ozizira kwambiri a dziko, mawindo ocheperapo a U ndi 0.32 okha, omwe ali pafupifupi R-3.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ntchito zaumisiri watsopano zikupitirirabe, ndipo matekinoloje atsopanowa angathandize kuti mawindo abwinoko agwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri.Ukadaulo waluso umaphatikizapo kapangidwe ka mapanelo atatu okhala ndi pane yopyapyala kwambiri pakati, filimu yoyimitsidwa yokhala ndi zigawo zisanu ndi zitatu zamkati, chotchingira chotchinga chotchinga chotchinga chotchinga magalasi chomwe chimatha kupitilira R-19, komanso chotsekera chovundikira chomwe chili pafupi kwambiri. woonda ngati chikho chimodzi cha unit unit.
Pazabwino zonse za galasi lotsekera la Andersen, lili ndi malire.Kuyambitsidwa kwa zokutira zochepetsera mpweya mu 1982 kunali sitepe ina yayikulu patsogolo.Steve Urich, mkulu wa pulogalamu ya National Window Decoration Rating Board, adanena kuti mapangidwe enieni a zokutirazi amasiyana kuchokera kwa wopanga kupita kwa wopanga, koma zonse ndizitsulo zazing'ono zazing'ono zachitsulo zomwe zimasonyeza mphamvu yowala kubwerera ku gwero lake.-Mkati kapena kunja kwa zenera.
Pali njira ziwiri zokutira, zomwe zimatchedwa ❖ kuyanika molimba ndi kuyanika kofewa.Ntchito zokutira zolimba (zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti pyrolytic coatings) zinayamba kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990 ndipo zikugwiritsidwabe ntchito.Popanga galasi, chophimbacho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamwamba pa galasi-chomwe chimaphikidwa pamwamba.Sizingachotsedwe.Chophimba chofewa (chomwe chimatchedwanso kuti sputter coating) chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu chipinda choyikamo vacuum.Iwo sali olimba ngati zokutira zolimba ndipo sangathe kuwululidwa ndi mpweya, kotero opanga amangogwiritsa ntchito pamwamba kuti asindikizidwe.Pamene chophimba chochepa cha mpweya chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamtunda moyang'anizana ndi chipindacho, chidzakhala cholimba cholimba.Chovala chofewa chimakhala chothandiza kwambiri pakuwongolera kutentha kwa dzuwa.Cardinal Glass Technical Marketing Director Jim Larsen (Jim Larsen) adanena kuti emissivity coefficient ikhoza kutsika mpaka 0.015, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zoposa 98% ya mphamvu yowala ikuwonekera.
Ngakhale pamakhala zovuta zogwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosanjikiza chimodzi chokhala ndi ma nanometer 2500 okha, opanga akhala aluso kwambiri pakuwongolera zokutira zokhala ndi mpweya wochepa kuti athe kuwongolera kutentha ndi kuwala komwe kumadutsa pagalasi.Larson adanena kuti mu multilayer low-emissivity coating, anti-reflection ndi siliva wosanjikiza amachepetsa kuyamwa kwa kutentha kwa dzuwa (kuwala kwa infrared) ndikusunga kuwala kowoneka bwino momwe kungathekere.
"Tikuphunzira sayansi ya kuwala," adatero Larson."Izi ndi zosefera zowoneka bwino, ndipo makulidwe a gawo lililonse ndikofunikira kuti utoto uzikhala bwino."
Zigawo za zokutira low-e ndi chinthu chimodzi chokha.Wina ndi pamene amaikidwa.Kupaka kwa Low-e kumawonetsa mphamvu yowala kubwerera kugwero lake.Mwa njira iyi, ngati kunja kwa galasi kumakutidwa, mphamvu yowala yochokera kudzuwa idzawonekeranso kunja, motero kuchepetsa kutentha kwa mkati mwa mazenera ndi mkati mwa nyumba.Mofananamo, chophimba chotsika chotsika chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kumbali ya chipinda chamagulu ambiri choyang'ana chipindacho chidzawonetsa mphamvu yowunikira yomwe imapangidwa mkati mwa nyumbayo kubwerera m'chipindamo.M'nyengo yozizira, izi zidzathandiza kuti nyumbayo ikhale yotentha.
Zovala zapamwamba zotsika kwambiri zachepetsa U-factor ku IGU, kuchokera ku 0.6 kapena 0.65 pagawo loyambirira la Andersen mpaka 0.35 koyambirira kwa 1980s.Sizinali mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980 kuti argon ya gasi ya inert idawonjezedwa, yomwe idapereka chida china chomwe opanga magalasi angagwiritse ntchito ndikuchepetsa U factor pafupifupi 0.3.Argon ndi yolemera kuposa mpweya ndipo imatha kukana kusuntha pakati pa chisindikizo cha zenera.Larson adanena kuti ma conductivity a argon ndi otsika kwambiri kuposa mpweya, zomwe zingachepetse kuyendetsa ndikuwonjezera kutentha kwapakati pa galasi ndi pafupifupi 20%.
Ndi icho, wopanga amakankhira zenera lapawiri-zambiri kuti litheke.Zimapangidwa ndi mapanelo awiri a 1⁄8 inchi.Galasi, danga la inchi 1⁄2 lodzazidwa ndi mpweya wa argon, ndi zokutira zochepetsera mpweya zomwe zimawonjezedwa m'mbali mwa chipinda chagalasi.U factor imatsikira pafupifupi 0.25 kapena kutsika.
Zenera lowala katatu ndi malo otsatirawa odumpha.Zigawo zodziwika bwino ndi zidutswa zitatu za 1⁄8 inchi.Galasi ndi mipata iwiri ya 1⁄2 inchi, pabowo lililonse lili ndi zokutira zochepetsera mpweya.Mpweya wowonjezera komanso kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito zokutira zotsika pang'ono pamalo ochulukirapo kumathandizira kwambiri magwiridwe antchito.Choyipa chake ndikuti mazenera nthawi zambiri amakhala olemera kwambiri pamipando yopachikidwa pawiri yomwe nthawi zambiri imatsetsereka mmwamba ndi pansi.Galasi ndi yolemera 50% kuposa kuwunikira kawiri ndi mainchesi 1-3⁄8.Wokhuthala.Ma IGU awa sangakwane mkati mwa mainchesi 3⁄4.Matumba agalasi okhala ndi mafelemu amazenera okhazikika.
Chowonadi chomvetsa chisoni ichi chimakankhira opanga mazenera omwe amalowetsa magalasi amkati (mazenera afilimu oimitsidwa) ndi mapepala owonda a polima.Southwall Technologies yakhala woimira makampani ndi filimu yake yotentha yagalasi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kupanga glazing ya magawo atatu kapena anayi omwe ali ndi kulemera kofanana ndi glazing kawiri.Komabe, n'zosavuta kuti mawindo a zenera atseke zotsekemera kuzungulira zenera lagalasi, motero amalola kuti mpweya wotsekemera utuluke ndikulola kuti chinyezi chilowe mkati.Kulephera kwa chisindikizo chazenera chopangidwa ndi Hurd kwakhala vuto lodziwika bwino pamsika.Komabe, filimu yagalasi yotentha yomwe tsopano ili ndi Eastman Chemical Company ikadali yotheka m'mawindo amitundu yambiri ndipo imagwiritsidwabe ntchito ndi opanga monga Alpen High Performance Products.
Mkulu wa kampani ya Alpen, Brad Begin, ponena za tsoka la Hurd: "Bizinesi yonseyi ilibe vuto, zomwe zimapangitsa ena opanga kusiya filimu yoyimitsidwa.""Njirayi sizovuta, koma ngati simukugwira ntchito yabwino kapena osalabadira zabwino, monga zenera lililonse, mtundu uliwonse wa IG, ndiye kuti mudzavutika kwambiri pasadakhale patsamba. .
Masiku ano, filimu yagalasi yotentha imapangidwa ndi mgwirizano pakati pa DuPont ndi Teijin, kenako imatumizidwa ku Eastman, kumene zokutira zotsika kwambiri zimapezedwa m'chipinda chosungiramo nthunzi, ndikutumizidwa kwa wopanga kuti atembenuke ku IGU.Yambani kunena kuti filimuyo ndi magalasi akasonkhanitsidwa, amaikidwa mu uvuni ndikuphika pa 205 ° F kwa mphindi 45.Firimuyi imachepa ndikudzikakamiza kuzungulira gasket kumapeto kwa gawolo, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yosaoneka.
Malingana ngati atsekedwa, mawindo awindo asakhale vuto.Ngakhale kukayikira za filimu yoyimitsidwa ya IGU, Begin adanena kuti Alpen anapereka mayunitsi a 13,000 ku New York City Empire State Building Project zaka zisanu ndi zinayi zapitazo, koma sanalandire malipoti olephera.
Mapangidwe aposachedwa agalasi amalolanso opanga kuti ayambe kugwiritsa ntchito k, yomwe ndi mpweya wa inert womwe uli ndi zida zabwino zotetezera kuposa argon.Malinga ndi kunena kwa Dr. Charlie Curcija, wofufuza pa Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, kusiyana koyenerera ndi 7 mm (pafupifupi 1⁄4 inchi), yomwe ndi theka la argon.rypto siyoyenera kwambiri 1⁄2 inchi IGU.Kusiyana pakati pa mbale zamagalasi, koma zikuwoneka kuti njirayi ndi yothandiza kwambiri m'mawindo a galasi pomwe mtunda wapakati pakati pa mbale za galasi kapena filimu yoyimitsidwa ndi yochepa kuposa mtunda uwu.
Kensington (Kensington) ndi imodzi mwamakampani omwe akugulitsa mazenera amafilimu oimitsidwa.Kampaniyo imapereka magalasi oyaka odzaza ndi k okhala ndi R-mtengo mpaka R-10 pakatikati pagalasi.Komabe, palibe kampani yomwe imavomereza ukadaulo wa nembanemba woimitsidwa ngati LiteZone Glass Inc. waku Canada.LiteZoneGlass Inc. ndi kampani yomwe imagulitsa IGU yokhala ndi magalasi pakati R mtengo wa 19.6.zikuyenda bwanji?Popanga makulidwe a unit 7.6 mainchesi.
Mtsogoleri wamkulu wa kampaniyo Greg Clarahan adanena kuti zaka zisanu zapita kuchokera ku chitukuko cha IGU, ndipo chinapangidwa mu November 2019. Anati zolinga za kampaniyo ndi ziwiri: kupanga ma IGU okhala ndi "zokwera kwambiri" zamtengo wapatali, komanso zikhazikitseni mphamvu zochirikiza moyo wa nyumbayo.Wopangayo adavomereza kufunikira kwa magalasi okulirapo kuti apititse patsogolo magwiridwe antchito am'mphepete mwa IGU.
"Kukula kwa galasi ndikofunikira kuti pakhale kutentha kwawindo lonse, kupangitsa kutentha mkati mwa galasi kukhala yunifolomu komanso kutentha kwapagulu lonse (kuphatikiza m'mphepete ndi chimango) kukhala yunifolomu."adatero.
Komabe, IGU yochuluka imabweretsa mavuto.Chigawo chokhuthala kwambiri chopangidwa ndi LiteZone chili ndi makanema asanu ndi atatu oimitsidwa pakati pa magalasi awiri.Ngati mipata yonseyi itasindikizidwa, padzakhala vuto losiyana, kotero LiteZone idapanga chipangizocho pogwiritsa ntchito zomwe Clarahan amachitcha "pressure balance duct".Ndi chubu chaching'ono chotulutsa mpweya chomwe chimatha kulinganiza kuthamanga kwa mpweya m'zipinda zonse ndi mpweya kunja kwa chipangizocho.Clarahan adanena kuti chipinda chowumira chomwe chimapangidwira mu chubu chimalepheretsa nthunzi yamadzi kuti isawunjike mkati mwa zida ndipo itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino kwa zaka 60.
Kampaniyo idawonjezeranso chinthu china.M'malo mogwiritsa ntchito kutentha kuti achepetse filimuyo mkati mwa chipangizocho, adapanga gasket m'mphepete mwa chipangizocho chomwe chimalepheretsa filimuyo kuyimitsidwa ndi akasupe ang'onoang'ono.Clarahan adanena kuti chifukwa filimuyo siyakayaka, kupanikizika kumachepa.Mazenera adawonetsanso kutsitsa kwabwino kwambiri.
Filimu yoyimitsidwa ndi njira yochepetsera kulemera kwa ma IGU amitundu yambiri.Curcija adalongosola chinthu china chotchedwa "Thin Triple," chomwe chakopa chidwi chambiri pamsika.Ili ndi galasi lopyapyala kwambiri la 0.7 mm mpaka 1.1 mm ( mainchesi 0.027 ndi mainchesi 0.04) pakati pa zigawo ziwiri zakunja za galasi la 3 mm ( mainchesi 0.118).Pogwiritsa ntchito k-filling, chipangizochi chikhoza kuikidwa mu thumba lagalasi lalikulu la 3⁄4-inch, mofanana ndi chipangizo chamakono chokhala ndi mapanelo awiri.
Curcija adanena kuti katatu kakang'ono kakang'ono kamene kamangoyamba kumene ku United States, ndipo gawo lake la msika tsopano ndi lochepera 1%.Pamene zidayamba kugulitsidwa zaka zoposa khumi zapitazo, zidazi zidakumana ndi nkhondo yovuta kuti ivomerezedwe pamsika chifukwa chamitengo yawo yokwera.Corning yekha ndi amene amapanga galasi lopyapyala kwambiri lomwe mapangidwe ake amadalira, pamtengo wa $8 mpaka $10 pa phazi lalikulu.Kuphatikiza apo, mtengo wa k ndi wokwera mtengo, pafupifupi nthawi 100 mtengo wa argon.
Malinga ndi a Kursia, m’zaka zisanu zapitazi, pachitika zinthu ziwiri.Choyamba, makampani ena a magalasi anayamba kuyandama magalasi opyapyala pogwiritsa ntchito njira yachizoloŵezi, yomwe inali kupanga magalasi a zenera pabedi la malata osungunuka.Izi zingachepetse mtengo wake kufika pafupifupi masenti 50 pa sikweya imodzi, zomwe ndi zofanana ndi galasi wamba.Kuwonjezeka kwa chidwi cha kuyatsa kwa LED kwapangitsa kuti xenon achuluke, ndipo zikuwonekeratu kuti k ndizochokera ku ndondomekoyi.Mtengo wapano ndi pafupifupi kotala la zomwe kale udali, ndipo ndalama zonse zowonda zitatu zosanjikiza katatu ndi pafupifupi $ 2 pa phazi lalikulu la IGU yowoneka bwino kawiri.
Curcija anati: “Ndi rack yopyapyala ya magawo atatu, mutha kukwera kufika pa R-10, ndiye ngati mungaganizire ndalama zokwana $2 pa sikweya imodzi, ndi mtengo wabwino kwambiri poyerekeza ndi R-4 pamtengo wokwanira.Kudumpha kwakukulu. "Choncho, Curcija akuyembekeza kuti malonda a Mie IGU achuluke.Andersen wagwiritsa ntchito mzere wake wokonzanso malonda a Windows.Ply Gem, wopanga mawindo akulu kwambiri ku United States, akuwonekanso kuti ali ndi chidwi.Ngakhale Alpen akupitiriza kulimbikitsa ubwino wa mazenera a mafilimu oimitsidwa ndipo apeza ubwino wa zipangizo zamakanema katatu.
Mark Montgomery, wachiwiri kwa wachiwiri kwa purezidenti waku US kutsatsa kwazenera ku Ply Gem, adati kampaniyo ikupanga zinthu 1-in-1.Ndipo 7⁄8 inchi katatu."Tikuyesa 3⁄4-in.Iye analemba mu imelo."Koma (ife) pakadali pano titha kuchita bwino kwambiri.”
Osafuna kutembenuka kwa mtanda kukhala woonda katatu nthawi yomweyo.Koma Yambani adanena kuti gawo lapakati la galasi lopyapyala ndilosavuta kukonza kusiyana ndi filimu yoyimitsidwa, ili ndi kuthekera kofulumizitsa kupanga, ndipo imalola kugwiritsa ntchito ma gaskets ofunda m'malo mwa ma gaskets amphamvu osapanga dzimbiri omwe amafunidwa ndi mafilimu ena oimitsidwa a IGU.
Mfundo yomaliza ndi yofunika kwambiri.Filimu yoyimitsidwa yomwe imachepa mu uvuni idzakhala ndi zovuta kwambiri pa gasket yozungulira, yomwe idzathyole chisindikizo, koma galasi lopyapyala siliyenera kutambasulidwa, motero kuchepetsa vutoli.
Curcija adati: "Pomaliza, matekinoloje onsewa amapereka zinthu zomwezo, koma potengera kulimba komanso mtundu, magalasi ndi abwino kuposa filimu."
Komabe, pepala la magawo atatu lojambulidwa ndi Larsen silikhala ndi chiyembekezo.Makadinala akupanga zina mwa ma IGU awa, koma mtengo wawo ndi pafupifupi kawiri kuposa magalasi achikhalidwe atatu-mu-amodzi, ndipo galasi laling'ono kwambiri lomwe lili pakatikati pa gawoli lili ndi kusweka kwakukulu.Izi zidakakamiza kadinala kuti agwiritse ntchito wosanjikiza wapakati wa 1.6mm m'malo mwake.
"Lingaliro la galasi lopyapyalali ndi theka la mphamvu," adatero Larsen.“Kodi mungagule magalasi otalika theka ndikuyembekeza kuwagwiritsa ntchito mofanana ndi magalasi a mphamvu ziwiri?Ayi. Kungoti chiwongola dzanja chathu chosweka ndi chokwera kwambiri.
Anawonjezeranso kuti ana atatu ochepetsa thupi amakumananso ndi zopinga zina.Chifukwa chachikulu ndi chakuti galasi lopyapyala ndi lochepa kwambiri kuti silingathe kutenthedwa, lomwe ndi mankhwala otentha kuti awonjezere mphamvu.Magalasi otenthedwa ndi gawo lofunikira pamsika, zomwe zimawerengera 40% yazogulitsa zonse za Cardinal IGU.
Pomaliza, pali vuto la kudzaza gasi la rypto.Larson adanena kuti ndalama za Lawrence Berkeley Labs ndizochepa kwambiri, ndipo makampaniwa achita ntchito yolakwika popereka mpweya wokwanira wa IGU.Kuti zikhale zogwira mtima, 90% ya malo otsekedwa amkati ayenera kudzazidwa ndi gasi, koma machitidwe a makampani amayang'ana pa liwiro la kupanga kusiyana ndi zotsatira zenizeni, ndipo mlingo wodzaza mpweya muzinthu pamsika ukhoza kukhala wotsika mpaka 20%.
"Pali chidwi kwambiri pa izi," adatero Larson ponena za atatu ochepetsa thupi."Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani mukangopeza 20% yodzaza pamawindo awa?Si galasi la R-8, koma galasi la R-4.Izi ndizofanana ndikugwiritsa ntchito dual-pane low-e.Muli ndi chilichonse chomwe sindinachipeze.
Onse argon ndi k gasi ndi otetezera bwino kuposa mpweya, koma palibe mpweya wodzaza (vacuum) womwe ungathandize kwambiri kutentha kwa kutentha, ndipo mphamvu ya R mtengo ili pakati pa 10 ndi 14 (U coefficient kuchokera 0.1 mpaka 0.07).Curcija adati makulidwe a chipangizocho ndi owonda ngati galasi lagalasi limodzi.
Kampani ya ku Japan yotchedwa Nippon Sheet Glass (NSG) ikupanga kale zida za vacuum insulating glass (VIG).Malinga ndi Curcija, opanga ma China ndi Guardian Glass aku United States ayambanso kupanga zida za R-10 VIG.(Tidayesa kulumikizana ndi Guardian koma sitinayankhe.)
Pali zovuta zaukadaulo.Choyamba, pachimake chotuluka bwino chimakoka zigawo ziwiri zakunja za galasi pamodzi.Pofuna kupewa izi, wopanga anaikamo timizere tating'ono ting'onoting'ono pakati pa galasi kuti asagwere.Zipilala zing'onozing'onozi zimalekanitsidwa ndi wina ndi mzake ndi mtunda wa inchi imodzi mpaka 2 mainchesi, kupanga danga la ma microns 50.Ngati muyang'anitsitsa, mukhoza kuona kuti ndi matrix ofooka.
Opanga amavutikanso ndi momwe angapangire chisindikizo chodalirika cham'mphepete.Ngati sichikanika, kupukuta kumalephera, ndipo zenera zimakhala zinyalala.Curcija akuti zidazi zitha kusindikizidwa m'mphepete ndi galasi losungunuka m'malo mwa tepi kapena zomatira pa ma IGU opumira.Chinyengo ndi kupanga kaphatikizidwe kofewa kokwanira kuti kasungunuke pa kutentha komwe sikungawononge zokutira zotsika za E pagalasi.Popeza kutentha kwa chipangizo chonsecho kumangokhala ndi mzati wolekanitsa magalasi awiri, mtengo wapamwamba wa R uyenera kukhala 20.
Curcija adanena kuti zida zopangira chipangizo cha VIG ndizokwera mtengo ndipo ndondomekoyi siili yofulumira monga kupanga magalasi wamba.Ngakhale kuti luso lamakono latsopanoli lingakhale ndi ubwino, kukana kwakukulu kwa makampani omangamanga ku mphamvu zolimba ndi ma code omanga kudzachedwetsa kupita patsogolo.
Larson adanena kuti ponena za U-factor, zida za VIG zitha kukhala zosintha masewera, koma vuto limodzi lomwe opanga mawindo ayenera kuthana nalo ndikutaya kutentha m'mphepete mwa zenera.Kungakhale kusintha ngati VIG ikhoza kuyikidwa mu chimango champhamvu ndi ntchito yabwino yotentha, koma sichingalowe m'malo mwa makina apawiri, chipangizo cha Low-e chokhazikika.
Kyle Sword, woyang'anira chitukuko cha bizinesi ku North America ku Pilkington, adanena kuti monga wocheperapo wa NSG, Pilkington wapanga mayunitsi angapo a VIG otchedwa Spacia, omwe akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nyumba ndi malonda ku United States.Chipangizochi chimabwera m'masinthidwe osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zipangizo zomwe zimakula 1⁄4 inchi yokha.Amakhala ndi galasi lakunja la e-e, danga la vacuum la 0.2mm ndi gawo lamkati la galasi loyandama lowoneka bwino.Spacer yokhala ndi mainchesi 0,5 mm imalekanitsa magalasi awiriwo.Makulidwe a mtundu wa Super Spacia ndi 10.2 mm (pafupifupi mainchesi 0.40), ndipo gawo la U lapakati pagalasi ndi 0.11 (R-9).
Sword adalemba mu imelo kuti: "Zogulitsa zambiri za dipatimenti yathu ya VIG zidalowa m'nyumba zomwe zidalipo kale."“Zambiri ndi zamalonda, koma tamalizanso nyumba zosiyanasiyana zogonamo.Izi zitha kugulidwa pamsika ndikuyitanitsa masaizi ake."Lupanga linanena kuti kampani yotchedwa Heirloom Windows imagwiritsa ntchito ma vacuum m'mawindo ake, omwe amapangidwa kuti aziwoneka ngati mawindo oyambirira m'nyumba zakale."Ndalankhula ndi makampani ambiri a zenera omwe angagwiritse ntchito malonda athu," Sword analemba."Komabe, IGU yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano ndi makampani ambiri a zenera masiku ano ndi pafupifupi 1 inchi wandiweyani, kotero kuti mazenera ake ndi mapangidwe ake amatha kukhala ndi mawindo akuluakulu."
Lupanga linanena kuti mtengo wa VIG ndi pafupifupi $ 14 mpaka $ 15 pa phazi lalikulu, poyerekeza ndi $ 8 mpaka $ 10 pa phazi lalikulu la IGU yokhazikika ya 1 inchi.
Kuthekera kwina ndiko kugwiritsa ntchito airgel kupanga mawindo.Airgel ndi zinthu zomwe zidapangidwa mu 1931. Zimapangidwa ndikutulutsa madzi mu gel ndikuyika gasi m'malo mwake.Zotsatira zake zimakhala zolimba pafupifupi zopanda kulemera ndi mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri wa R.Larsen adati mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito pagalasi ndi wotakata, wokhala ndi kuthekera kochita bwino kwambiri kuposa ma IGU osanjikiza atatu kapena vacuum.Vuto ndi mawonekedwe ake owoneka bwino - sizowonekera kwathunthu.
Ukadaulo wodalirika watsala pang'ono kutulukira, koma onse ali ndi chopunthwitsa: kukwera mtengo.Popanda malamulo okhwima okhudza mphamvu zamagetsi omwe amafunikira kugwira ntchito bwino, matekinoloje ena sadzakhalapo kwakanthawi.Montgomery anati: "Tagwira ntchito limodzi ndi makampani ambiri omwe akugwiritsa ntchito luso lamakono lagalasi," - "penti, zokutira zotentha / zowoneka bwino / zamagetsi ndi [galasi yotsekera vacuum].Ngakhale zonsezi zimathandizira magwiridwe antchito a zenera, koma momwe mtengo wamakono umathandizira kukhazikitsidwa kwa msika wokhalamo. ”
Kutentha kwa IGU ndi kosiyana ndi kutentha kwawindo lonse.Nkhaniyi ikuyang'ana pa IGU, koma nthawi zambiri poyerekeza ndi machitidwe a mawindo, makamaka pazitsulo za National Window Frame Rating Board ndi webusaiti ya wopanga, mudzapeza "zenera lonse", lomwe limaganizira za IGU ndi zenera. magwiridwe antchito.Monga gulu.Mawonekedwe a zenera lonse amakhala otsika kuposa magalasi apakati a IGU.Kuti mumvetsetse magwiridwe antchito ndi zenera lathunthu la IGU, muyenera kumvetsetsa mawu atatu awa:
The U factor imayesa kuchuluka kwa kutentha kutengera zinthuzo.The U factor ndiye kubwereza kwa mtengo wa R.Kuti mupeze mtengo wofanana wa R, gawani U factor ndi 1. Chinthu chochepa cha U chimatanthawuza kukana kutentha kwapamwamba komanso ntchito yabwino ya kutentha.Ndikofunikira nthawi zonse kukhala ndi coefficient yotsika ya U.
The solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) imadutsa gawo la ma radiation a dzuwa la galasi.SHGC ndi nambala pakati pa 0 (palibe kufalitsa) ndi 1 (kutumiza kopanda malire).Ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito mazenera otsika a SHGC m'madera otentha, otentha kwambiri a dziko kuti athetse kutentha m'nyumba ndi kuchepetsa ndalama zoziziritsa.
Visible light transmittance (VT) Gawo la kuwala kowoneka komwe kumadutsa mugalasi lilinso nambala pakati pa 0 ndi 1. Nambala ikakulirakulira, kuwala kumakwera.Mulingo uwu nthawi zambiri umakhala wotsika modabwitsa, koma izi ndichifukwa choti zenera lonse limaphatikizapo chimango.
Dzuwa likawalira pawindo, kuwalako kumatentha pamwamba pa nyumbayo, ndipo kutentha kwa mkati kumakwera.Zinali zabwino m'nyengo yozizira ku Maine.Patsiku lotentha lachilimwe ku Texas, kulibe ambiri.Mawindo otsika a solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) amathandiza kuchepetsa kutentha kwa IGU.Njira imodzi yopangira SHGC yotsika ndikugwiritsa ntchito zokutira zochepetsera mpweya.Zopaka zachitsulo zoonekerazi zimapangidwira kuti zitseke cheza cha ultraviolet, kulola kuwala kowoneka kudutsa ndikuwongolera cheza cha infrared kuti chigwirizane ndi nyumbayo ndi nyengo yake.Ili si funso lokha logwiritsa ntchito mtundu woyenera wa zokutira zotsika, komanso malo ake ogwiritsira ntchito.Ngakhale palibe chidziwitso pamiyezo yogwiritsira ntchito zokutira zochepetsera mpweya, ndipo miyezo imasiyana pakati pa opanga ndi mitundu yokutira, zotsatirazi ndi zitsanzo zofala.
Njira yabwino yochepetsera kutentha kwadzuwa komwe kumapezeka kudzera m'mawindo ndikuphimba ndi ma overhangs ndi zida zina za shading.M'madera otentha, ndi bwino kusankha mawindo apansi a SHGC okhala ndi zokutira zochepetsera mpweya.Mawindo a nyengo yozizira nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zokutira zochepetsetsa pang'onopang'ono mkati mwa galasi lakunja-zigawo ziwiri pawindo lawiri, ziwiri ndi zinayi pawindo lazithunzi zitatu.
Ngati nyumba yanu ili kudera lozizira kwambiri la dzikolo ndipo mukufuna kutenthetsa m'nyengo yozizira pogwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwadzuwa, mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito zokutira zokhala ndi mpweya wochepa pawindo lakunja la galasi lamkati (Layer lachitatu pamwamba) , ndikuwonetsa magawo atatu ndi asanu pawindo lazigawo zitatu).Kusankha zenera lophimbidwa pamalowa sikungopeza kutentha kwa dzuwa, koma zenera lidzathandizanso kuteteza kutentha kowala mkati mwa nyumba.
Pali gasi wotsekera kuwirikiza kawiri.IGU yokhazikika yapawiri ili ndi mapanelo awiri a 1⁄8 inchi.Galasi, argon yodzaza 1⁄2 inchi.Malo a mpweya ndi zokutira zochepetsera mpweya pamtunda umodzi.Kuti apititse patsogolo magwiridwe antchito a galasi lapawiri, wopanga adawonjezera galasi lina, lomwe lidapanganso pabowo lowonjezera la gasi wotsekereza.Zenera lazigawo zitatu lili ndi mawindo atatu a 1⁄8-inch.Galasi, malo odzaza gasi 2 1⁄2 inchi, ndi zokutira za E low-E pabowo lililonse.Izi ndi zitsanzo zitatu za mazenera atatu kuchokera kwa opanga apakhomo.U factor ndi SHGC ndi magawo a zenera lonse.
Zenera la ecoSmart la Great Lakes Window (Ply Gem Company) lili ndi kusungunula thovu la polyurethane mu chimango cha PVC.Mutha kuyitanitsa mawindo okhala ndi magalasi apawiri kapena patatu ndi argon kapena K gasi.Zosankha zina ndi monga zokutira zochepetsera mpweya ndi zokutira zopyapyala zotchedwa Easy-Clean.U factor imachokera ku 0.14 mpaka 0.20, ndipo SHGC imachokera ku 0.14 mpaka 0.25.
Sierra Pacific Windows ndi kampani yophatikizika yokhazikika.Malinga ndi kampaniyo, kunja kwa aluminiyamu yotulutsidwa kumakutidwa ndi matabwa a Ponderosa pine kapena Douglas pine, omwe amachokera kuzinthu zake zokhazikika zankhalango.Chigawo cha Aspen chomwe chikuwonetsedwa pano chili ndi 2-1⁄4-inch wandiweyani mazenera mawindo ndipo imathandizira 1-3⁄8-inchi yokhuthala yamitundu itatu ya IGU.Mtengo wa U umachokera ku 0.13 mpaka 0.18, ndipo SHGC imachokera ku 0.16 mpaka 0.36.
Zenera la Martin's Ultimate Double Hung G2 lili ndi khoma lakunja la aluminiyamu komanso mkati mwapaini wosamalizidwa.Kutsirizira kwakunja kwazenera ndi zokutira zapamwamba za PVDF za fluoropolymer, zomwe zikuwonetsedwa pano mu Cascade Blue.Chovala chazenera chowala katatu chimadzazidwa ndi argon kapena mpweya, ndipo U factor yake ndi yotsika ngati 0.25, ndipo mitundu ya SHGC ikuchokera ku 0.25 mpaka 0.28.
Ngati zenera lamagulu atatu lili ndi vuto, ndiye kulemera kwa IGU.Opanga ena apanga mazenera atatu opachikidwa pawiri ntchito, koma nthawi zambiri, ma IGU amitundu itatu amangokhala osasunthika, otseguka m'mbali ndi mawindo opindika.Filimu yoyimitsidwa ndi imodzi mwa njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi opanga kupanga IGU yokhala ndi magalasi atatu osanjikiza ndi kulemera kopepuka.
Pangani utatu kukhala wosavuta kuyendetsa.Alpen amapereka filimu yotentha ya galasi IGU, yomwe imapangidwa ndi zipinda ziwiri zodzaza mpweya ndi 0.16 U factor ndi 0.24 mpaka 0.51 SHGC, ndi dongosolo lokhala ndi zipinda zinayi zodzaza mpweya, zomwe zimakhala ndi 0.05 U factor, kuchokera ku SHGC ndi 0.22 ku 0,38.Kugwiritsa ntchito mafilimu opyapyala m'malo mwa magalasi ena kungachepetse kulemera ndi kuchuluka kwake.
Kuphwanya malire, Glass ya LiteZone imapangitsa kuti makulidwe a IGU afike 7-1⁄2 mainchesi, ndipo akhoza kupachika mpaka zigawo zisanu ndi zitatu za filimu.Simungapeze magalasi amtundu wotere pawindo lopachikidwa pawiri, koma m'mawindo osasunthika, makulidwe owonjezera amawonjezera mtengo wa R pakati pa galasi kufika pa 19.6.Danga pakati pa zigawo za filimuyo limadzazidwa ndi mpweya ndikugwirizanitsidwa ndi chitoliro chofanana ndi kuthamanga.
Mbiri ya thinnest ya IGU imapezeka pa VIG unit kapena vacuum insulated glass unit.Kutsekemera kwa vacuum pa IGU ndikwabwino kuposa mpweya kapena mitundu iwiri ya mpweya yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito podzipatula, ndipo malo pakati pa mazenera amatha kukhala ochepa ngati mamilimita angapo.Vacuum imayesanso kuwononga zida, kotero zida za VIGzi ziyenera kupangidwa kuti zithetse mphamvuyi.
Pilkington's Spacia ndi chipangizo cha VIG chokhala ndi makulidwe a 6 mm okha, ndichifukwa chake kampaniyo idasankha ngati njira yopangira ntchito zosungira zakale.Malinga ndi zolemba zamakampani, VIG imapereka "kutentha kwanthawi zonse kuwirikiza kawiri ndi makulidwe ofanana ndi kuwomba kawiri".Spacia's U factor imachokera ku 0.12 mpaka 0.25, ndipo SHGC imachokera ku 0.46 mpaka 0.66.
Chipangizo cha Pilkington's VIG chili ndi mbale yagalasi yakunja yokutidwa ndi zokutira zopanda mpweya wochepa, ndipo mbale yagalasi yamkati ndi galasi loyandama lowoneka bwino.Pofuna kuteteza danga la vacuum la 0.2mm kuti lisagwe, galasi lamkati ndi galasi lakunja zimasiyanitsidwa ndi 1⁄2mm spacer.Chophimba chotetezera chimakwirira mabowo omwe amakoka mpweya kuchokera ku chipangizocho ndipo amakhala m'malo mwa moyo wawindo.
Upangiri wodalirika komanso wokwanira woperekedwa ndi akatswiri omwe cholinga chake ndi kupanga nyumba yathanzi, yabwino komanso yopatsa mphamvu
Khalani membala, mutha kupeza mavidiyo masauzande ambiri, njira zogwiritsira ntchito, ndemanga za zida ndi mawonekedwe apangidwe.
Pezani mwayi wofikira patsamba lililonse kuti mupeze upangiri waukatswiri, makanema ogwiritsira ntchito, kufufuza ma code, ndi zina zambiri, komanso magazini osindikizidwa.