Introduction: Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Insulating Glass Unit (IGU), ua hoʻomohala mau nā ʻāpana puka makani e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana wela o ka hale.Mea hoʻoponopono kūikawā Scott Gibson (Scott Gibson) i hoʻolauna i ka holomua o ka IGU manao, mai ka mea hou a me ka noi ana o ka haʻahaʻa-emissivity coatings i ka hooulu ana o aniani puka makani 'ē aʻe ma mua o papalua glazing, suspension kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me nāʻano likeʻole o ka insulating kinoea, a me ka wā e hiki mai. ʻenehana.
Ua hoʻokomo ʻo Andersen Windows i nā panela aniani welded insulated i ka makahiki 1952, he mea nui loa ia.Hiki i nā mea kūʻai ke kūʻai aku i nā ʻāpana e hoʻohui i ʻelua ʻāpana aniani a me kahi papa o ka insulation i hoʻokahi huahana.No nā mea hale he nui ʻole, ʻo ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka ʻoihana a Andersen i mea e hoʻopau ai i ka hana luhi o nā puka makani haunaele.ʻO ka mea nui, i nā makahiki 70 i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomaikaʻi pinepine ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ʻoihana i ka hana wela o nā puka makani.
Hoʻohui ka Multi-pane Insulating Glass Window (IGU) i ka uhi metala a me nā mea hoʻopihapiha hoʻopihapiha inert i mea e ʻoluʻolu ai ka hale a hoʻemi i nā kumukūʻai mehana a me ka hoʻomaha.Ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona o nā pale haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (low-e) a me ke koho ʻana iā lākou, hiki i nā mea hana aniani ke hana i nā IGU no nā pono kikoʻī a me nā piʻi.Akā ʻoiai me ka pena a me ke kinoea maikaʻi loa, e hakakā mau ana nā mea hana aniani.
Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā paia o waho o nā hale hana kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ke aniani maikaʻi loa e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā insulators.No ka laʻana, ua helu ʻia ka pā i loko o ka hale ikaika i ka R-40, ʻoiai ʻo ka U-factor o ka puka aniani ʻekolu-pane kiʻekiʻe he 0.15, ʻo ia wale nō ka like me R-6.6.Pono ka International Energy Conservation Law o 2018 i nā wahi anuanu loa o ka ʻāina, ʻo 0.32 wale nō ka helu U o nā puka makani, ma kahi o R-3.
I ka manawa like, hoʻomau ka hana ʻana i nā ʻenehana hou, a hiki i kēia mau ʻenehana hou ke hiki ke hoʻohana nui i nā puka makani maikaʻi aʻe.Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻenehana hou i kahi hoʻolālā ʻekolu-pane me kahi pane kikowaena ultra-thin, kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i hoʻokuʻu ʻia a hiki i ʻewalu mau ʻāpana i loko, kahi ʻāpana hoʻoheheʻe ʻana me kahi hiki ke hoʻonā ʻia ke kikowaena aniani i ʻoi aku ma mua o R-19, a me kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻeleʻele e aneane like. lahilahi e like me ka ʻāpana kīʻaha hoʻokahi.
No nā pono āpau o Andersen welding insulating aniani, aia kekahi mau palena.ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā pale haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka makahiki 1982 kahi hana nui i mua.Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Steve Urich, ka luna o ka papahana National Window Decoration Rating Board, he ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o kēia mau uhi mai ka mea hana a i ka mea hana, akā he mau microscopic ʻāpana lahilahi o ka metala e hōʻike ana i ka ikehu hoʻi i kona kumu.-Ma loko a ma waho paha o ka puka makani.
ʻElua mau ala hoʻopili, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka uhi paʻakikī a me ka uhi palupalu.ʻO nā noi hoʻopaʻa paʻa paʻa (ʻike pū ʻia he pyrolytic coatings) mai ka hopena o 1990s a ke hoʻohana mau ʻia nei.I ka hana ʻana i ke aniani, hoʻopili ʻia ka uhi ʻana i ka ʻili o ke aniani-i hoʻomoʻa ʻia i ka ʻili.ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻoki ʻia.Hoʻohana ʻia kahi uhi palupalu (i kapa ʻia ʻo sputter coating) i loko o ke keʻena deposition vacuum.ʻAʻole ikaika lākou e like me nā uhi paʻa a ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia i ka lewa, no laila e hoʻopili wale nā ​​mea hana i ka ʻili e hoʻopaʻa ʻia.Ke hoʻopili ʻia kahi uhi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i kahi ʻili e kū pono ana i ka lumi, e lilo ia i mea paʻakikī.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻaʻahu palupalu i ka mālama ʻana i ka wela o ka lā.Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Cardinal Glass Technical Marketing Director Jim Larsen (Jim Larsen) e hāʻule ka coefficient emissivity i 0.015, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka 98% o ka ikehu kukui.
ʻOiai ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻāpana metala me ka mānoanoa o 2500 nanometers wale nō, ua maʻalahi nā mea hana i ka hana ʻana i nā pale haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e hoʻomalu i ka nui o ka wela a me ka māmā e hele ana i ke aniani.Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Larson, i loko o ka multilayer low-emissivity coating, ka anti-reflection a me ke kala kala e kaupalena i ka absorption o ka wela o ka lā (kukui infrared) ʻoiai e mālama ana i ka mālamalama ʻike ʻia.
"Ke aʻo nei mākou i ka physics o ka mālamalama," wahi a Larson."ʻO kēia nā kānana optical precision, a he mea koʻikoʻi ka mānoanoa o kēlā me kēia papa no ka mālama ʻana i ke kaulike kala o ka uhi."
ʻO nā mea o ka uhi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa hoʻokahi wale nō kumu.ʻO kahi ʻē aʻe kahi i hoʻohana ʻia ai.Hōʻike ka ʻili Low-e i ka ikehu kukui i kona kumu.Ma kēia ʻano, inā uhi ʻia ka ʻili o waho o ke aniani, e ʻike hou ʻia ka ikehu ʻālohilohi mai ka lā i waho, a laila e hōʻemi ʻia ka wela i loko o nā puka makani a i loko o ka hale.Pēlā nō, ʻo ka uhi ʻana o ka pāhaʻi haʻahaʻa i hoʻopili ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻāpana multi-pane e kū pono ana i ka lumi e hōʻike i ka ikehu ʻālohilohi i hana ʻia i loko o ka hale i loko o ka lumi.I ka hoʻoilo, e kōkua kēia hiʻohiʻona i ka hale e mālama i ka wela.
Ua hoʻemi mau nā pale haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe i ka U-factor ma IGU, mai 0.6 a i ʻole 0.65 no ka papa Andersen mua i 0.35 i nā makahiki 1980.ʻAʻole hiki i ka hopena o nā makahiki 1980 i hoʻohui ʻia ka argon kinoea inert, i hāʻawi i kahi mea hana ʻē aʻe i hiki i nā mea hana aniani ke hoʻohana a hoʻemi i ka helu U ma kahi o 0.3.ʻOi aku ke kaumaha o Argon ma mua o ka ea a hiki ke pale aku i ka convection i waenakonu o ka sila pukaaniani.Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Larson, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka conductivity o argon ma mua o ka ea, hiki ke hōʻemi i ka conduction a hoʻonui i ka hana wela o ke kikowaena aniani ma kahi o 20%.
Me ia, hoʻokuʻu ka mea hana i ka puka aniani ʻelua-pane i kona hiki.Loaʻa i ʻelua mau ʻāpana 1⁄8 iniha.Aniani, he 1⁄2 iniha wahi piha me ka argon kinoea, a me ka haʻahaʻa-emissivity ka uhi ana ma ka aoao o ke aniani lumi.Hāʻule ka helu U ma kahi o 0.25 a i ʻole.
ʻO ka puka aniani ʻekolu-glazed ka wahi lele aʻe.ʻO nā mea maʻamau he ʻekolu ʻāpana o ka 1⁄8 iniha.ʻO ke aniani a me ʻelua mau ʻāpana 1⁄2 ʻīniha, ʻo kēlā me kēia lua he uhi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.ʻO ke kinoea hou aʻe a me ka hiki ke hoʻohana i nā uhi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma luna o nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe e hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka hana.ʻO ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa, ʻoi aku ka kaumaha o nā puka makani no nā kāʻei kaulua e paheʻe i luna a i lalo.He 50% ke kaumaha o ke aniani ma mua o ka aniani pālua a me ka 1-3⁄8 iniha.Mānoanoa.ʻAʻole hiki i kēia mau IGU ke komo i loko o 3⁄4 iniha.Nāʻeke aniani me nā puka makani maʻamau.
ʻO kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo pōʻino e hoʻoneʻe i nā mea hana i nā puka makani e hoʻololi i ka papa aniani o loko (nā puka aniani i hoʻokuʻu ʻia) me nā ʻāpana polymer lahilahi.Ua lilo ʻo Southwall Technologies i ʻelele no ka ʻoihana me kāna kiʻi aniani wela, e hiki ai ke hana i nā aniani ʻekolu a i ʻole ʻehā ʻāpana me ke kaumaha like me ka ʻāpana aniani pālua.Eia naʻe, he mea maʻalahi i ka ʻāpana puka aniani ke hoʻopaʻa i nā lepa a puni ka puka aniani, a laila e ʻae ai i ka ʻea kinoea e pakele ai a ʻae i ka makū e komo i loko.ʻO ka hāʻule ʻana o ka sila pukaaniani i hana ʻia e Hurd ua lilo ia i mea hoʻolaha ākea i ka ʻoihana.Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ke kiʻi aniani wela i loaʻa i kēia manawa e Eastman Chemical Company kahi koho kūpono i nā puka makani multi-pane a hoʻohana mau ʻia e nā mea hana e like me Alpen High Performance Products.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Alpen CEO Brad Begin e pili ana i ka pōʻino Hurd: "Aia maoli ka ʻoihana holoʻokoʻa ma lalo o nā pōʻeleʻele, ke kumu e haʻalele ai kekahi mau mea hana mai ke kiʻi hoʻomaha.""ʻAʻole paʻakikī ke kaʻina hana, akā inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e hana i kahi hana maikaʻi a ʻaʻole hoʻolohe ʻoe i ka maikaʻi, e like me kekahi puka makani, ʻano ʻano IG, a laila ua manaʻo ʻoe e hōʻeha nui i ka hemahema ma ka pūnaewele. .
I kēia lā, hana ʻia ka kiʻi aniani wela e kahi hui hui ma waena o DuPont a me Teijin, a laila hoʻouna ʻia i Eastman, kahi i loaʻa ai ka uhi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i loko o ke keʻena deposition mahu, a laila hoʻouna ʻia i ka mea hana no ka hoʻololi ʻana i IGU.E ʻōlelo ʻo Begin, i ka wā e hui ʻia ai ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me nā papa aniani, waiho ʻia lākou i loko o ka umu a kālua ʻia ma 205 ° F no 45 mau minuke.Hoʻemi ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni a hoʻopaʻapaʻa iā ia iho a puni ka gasket ma ka hope o ka ʻāpana, i ʻike ʻole ʻia.
I ka wā e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai, ʻaʻohe pilikia o ka puka makani.ʻOiai nā kānalua e pili ana i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo IGU, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Begin ua hāʻawi ʻo Alpen i 13,000 mau ʻāpana no kahi papahana ʻo New York City Empire State Building i ʻeiwa mau makahiki i hala, akā ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā hōʻike o ka hāʻule.
ʻO ka hoʻolālā aniani hou loa e hiki ai i nā mea hana ke hoʻomaka i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka k, he kinoea inert i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā waiwai insulating ma mua o ka argon.Wahi a Dr. Charlie Curcija, he mea noiʻi ma Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, ʻo ka ʻokoʻa maikaʻi loa he 7 mm (ma kahi o 1⁄4 iniha), ʻo ia ka hapalua o ka argon.ʻAʻole kūpono loa ʻo rypto no 1⁄2 iniha IGU.ʻO ke āpau ma waena o nā papa aniani, akā ua ʻike ʻia he mea pono loa kēia ʻano i nā puka aniani kahi i ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka mamao kūloko ma waena o nā papa aniani a i ʻole ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma mua o kēia mamao.
ʻO Kensington (Kensington) kekahi o nā hui e kūʻai aku ana i nā puka aniani i hoʻokuʻu ʻia.Hāʻawi ka hui i nā ʻāpana aniani wela piha k me nā waiwai R a hiki i R-10 i waenakonu o ke aniani.Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe hui e ʻae piha i ka ʻenehana membrane i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e like me LiteZone Glass Inc. o Kanada.He hui kūʻai ʻo LiteZoneGlass Inc. i ka IGU me ka waiwai aniani R o 19.6.pehea ia?Ma ka hana ʻana i ka mānoanoa o ka ʻāpana he 7.6 iniha.
ʻO ka luna nui o ka hui ʻo Greg Clarahan i ʻōlelo ʻia he ʻelima mau makahiki i hala mai ka hoʻomohala ʻana o IGU, a ua hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka hana i Nowemapa 2019. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia ʻelua mau pahuhopu o ka hui: e hana i nā IGU me nā waiwai insulation "kiʻekiʻe loa", a i ka e hoʻoikaika iā lākou e mālama i ke ola o ka hale.Ua ʻae ka mea hoʻolālā i ka pono o nā ʻāpana aniani ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana wela o nā ʻaoʻao palupalu o ka IGU.
"He mea nui ka mānoanoa o ke aniani no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana wela o ka puka aniani holoʻokoʻa, e hoʻonui i ka mahana o loko o ke aniani a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka wela i ka ʻaha holoʻokoʻa (me nā ʻaoʻao a me ke kiʻi) ʻoi aku ka ʻaʻahu."wahi a.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka IGU mānoanoa e hōʻike i nā pilikia.ʻO ka ʻāpana mānoanoa i hana ʻia e LiteZone he ʻewalu mau kiʻiʻoniʻoni i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma waena o ʻelua ʻāpana aniani.Inā hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia mau wahi āpau, e loaʻa ka pilikia ʻokoʻa, no laila ua hoʻolālā ʻo LiteZone i ka ʻāpana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea a Clarahan i kapa ai he "paʻi kaulike kaomi".He paipu puka makani liʻiliʻi e hiki ke kaulike i ke kaomi ea ma nā keʻena a pau me ka ea ma waho o ka hāmeʻa.Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Clarahan, ʻo ke keʻena hoʻomaloʻo i kūkulu ʻia i loko o ka paipu e pale aku ai i ka mahu wai mai ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i loko o nā mea hana a hiki ke hoʻohana pono ʻia no nā makahiki he 60.
Ua hoʻohui ka hui i kekahi hiʻohiʻona.Ma kahi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wela e hoʻemi ai i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni i loko o ka mea hana, ua hoʻolālā lākou i kahi gasket no ka lihi o ka hāmeʻa e hoʻomaha ai ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma lalo o ka hana a nā pūnāwai liʻiliʻi.Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Clarahan no ka mea ʻaʻole i wela ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni, ua emi ke kaumaha.Ua hōʻike pū ʻia nā puka makani i ka attenuation kani maikaʻi loa.
ʻO ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni i hoʻokuʻu ʻia he ala e hōʻemi ai i ke kaumaha o nā IGU multi-pane.Ua wehewehe ʻo Curcija i kahi huahana ʻē aʻe i kapa ʻia ʻo "Thin Triple," kahi i huki nui ʻia i ka ʻoihana.Loaʻa iā ia kahi papa aniani ʻano lahilahi o 0.7 mm a 1.1 mm (0.027 iniha a me 0.04 iniha) ma waena o ʻelua papa waho o ke aniani 3 mm (0.118 iniha).Ke hoʻohana nei i ka k-filling, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka hāmeʻa i loko o kahi ʻeke aniani ākea 3⁄4-iniha, e like me ka mea hana pālua pālua.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Curcija, ua hoʻomaka ka ʻekolu ʻekolu i kahi wahi ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a ʻo kāna māhele mākeke i kēia manawa ma lalo o 1%.I ka wā i kūʻai mua ʻia ai lākou ma mua o hoʻokahi mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua kū kēia mau mea i ke kaua paʻakikī no ka ʻae ʻana i ka mākeke ma muli o kā lākou kumukūʻai hana kiʻekiʻe.ʻO Corning wale nō ka mea nāna e hoʻopuka i ke aniani ʻeleʻele loa i hilinaʻi ʻia e ka hoʻolālā, ma ke kumu kūʻai o $8 a $10 no kēlā me kēia kapuaʻi square.Eia kekahi, he pipiʻi ke kumukūʻai o k, ma kahi o 100 mau manawa i ke kumu kūʻai o argon.
Wahi a Kursia, i nā makahiki ʻelima i hala iho nei, ʻelua mau mea i hana ʻia.ʻO ka mua, ua hoʻomaka nā hui aniani ʻē aʻe e lana i ke aniani lahilahi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kaʻina hana maʻamau, ʻo ia ka hana ʻana i nā aniani pukaaniani maʻamau ma luna o kahi moena o ka ipu hoʻoheheʻe.Hiki i kēia ke ho'ēmi i ke kumukūʻai ma kahi o 50 keneta no kēlā me kēia kapuaʻi kūhāhā, e like me ke aniani maʻamau.ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka hoihoi i nā kukui LED ua hoʻoulu i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana xenon, a ua ʻike ʻia ʻo k kahi huahana o kēia kaʻina hana.ʻO ke kumukūʻai o kēia manawa ma kahi o ka hapahā o ka mea ma mua, a ʻo ke kumukūʻai holoʻokoʻa no kahi ʻekolu-papa ʻekolu ʻekolu ma kahi o $2 no kēlā me kēia kapuaʻi square o ka IGU aniani pālua.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Curcija: "Me kahi ʻāpana ʻekolu ʻāpana ʻāpana, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻonui i ka R-10, no laila inā ʻoe e noʻonoʻo i ka uku o $2 no kēlā me kēia kapuaʻi square, he kumukūʻai maikaʻi loa ia e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me R-4 ma ke kumu kūʻai kūpono.He lele nui.No laila, ke manaʻo nei ʻo Curcija e hoʻonui ka makemake pāʻoihana o Mie IGU.Ua hoʻohana ʻo Andersen iā ia no kāna laina hoʻohou ʻoihana Windows.ʻO Ply Gem, ka mea hana pukaaniani nui loa ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, makemake pū kekahi.ʻOiai ʻo Alpen ke hoʻomau nei i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā pono o nā puka aniani i hoʻokuʻu ʻia a ua ʻike i nā pono kūpono o nā hāmeʻa kiʻi ʻekolu.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Mark Montgomery, ka pelekikena koʻikoʻi o ka mākeke pukaaniani US ma Ply Gem, ke hana nei ka hui i nā huahana 1-i-1.A me 7⁄8 iniha triplets.“Ke hoʻokolohua nei mākou me 3⁄4-in.Ua kākau ʻo ia ma ka leka uila."Akā (hiki iā mākou) ke hoʻokō i nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka hana.”
Mai ʻimi koke i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻāpana ʻekolu.Akā, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Begin, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hana ʻana o ka ʻāpana aniani aniani ma mua o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i hoʻokuʻu ʻia, hiki ke wikiwiki i ka hana ʻana, a ʻae i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā puʻupuʻu pumehana e hoʻololi i nā gaskets kila kila ikaika i koi ʻia e kekahi mau kiʻi IGU i hoʻokuʻu ʻia.
He mea koʻikoʻi ka helu hope.ʻO ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ka umu e hoʻoikaika nui ʻia i ka gasket peripheral, kahi e wāwahi ai i ke sila, akā ʻaʻole pono ke kikoo ʻia ke aniani lahilahi, a laila e hōʻemi i ka pilikia.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Curcija: "Ma ka loiloi hope loa, hāʻawi nā ʻenehana ʻelua i nā mea like, akā ma ke ʻano o ka lōʻihi a me ka maikaʻi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke aniani ma mua o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni."
Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole manaʻo maikaʻi loa ka pepa ʻekolu-papa i huki ʻia e Larsen.Ke hana nei nā Cardinals i kekahi o kēia mau IGU, akā ʻelua paha ko lākou kumukūʻai ma mua o ke aniani kahiko ʻekolu-i-hoʻokahi, a ʻo ke aniani ultra-thin i waenakonu o ka module he kiʻekiʻe ka haki.Ua koi kēia i ka cardinal e hoʻohana i kahi papa waena 1.6mm ma kahi.
"ʻO ka manaʻo o kēia aniani lahilahi ka hapalua o ka ikaika," wahi a Larsen.“E kūʻai anei ʻoe i ke aniani hapalua ikaika a manaʻo ʻoe e hoʻohana iā ia i ka nui like me ke aniani ʻelua ikaika?ʻAʻole, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o kā mākou lawelawe ʻana i ka haki.
Ua hoʻohui ʻo ia e kū pū ana nā triplets paona i nā pilikia ʻē aʻe.ʻO kahi kumu nui, ʻo ke aniani lahilahi ʻoi aku ka lahilahi e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia, ʻo ia ka mālama wela e hoʻonui ai i ka ikaika.He ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ke aniani aniani, ʻo ia ka 40% o ka nui o nā kūʻai IGU a Cardinal.
ʻO ka mea hope loa, aia ka pilikia o ka hoʻopiha ʻana i ke kinoea rypto.Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Larson he haʻahaʻa loa nā kumukūʻai o Lawrence Berkeley Labs, a ua hana maikaʻi ka ʻoihana i ka hoʻolako ʻana i ke kinoea maoli no IGU.No ka maikaʻi, pono e hoʻopiha ʻia ka 90% o ka lumi i loko o ka hale i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ke kinoea, akā ʻo ka hana maʻamau o ka ʻoihana e pili ana i ka wikiwiki o ka hana ʻana ma mua o nā hopena maoli, a ʻo ka nui o ka hoʻopiha piha ʻana i nā huahana ma ka mākeke e like me 20%.
"He nui ka hoihoi i kēia," i ʻōlelo ai ʻo Larson e pili ana i ka trio paona."He aha ka hopena inā loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi pae piha piha 20% ma kēia mau puka makani?ʻAʻole ia he aniani R-8, akā he aniani R-4.Ua like kēia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lua-pane haʻahaʻa-e.Loaʻa iā ʻoe nā mea a pau i loaʻa ʻole iaʻu."
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka argon a me ke kinoea k ma mua o ka ea, akā ʻaʻole hoʻopiha piha i ke kinoea (vacuum) e hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi i ka hana wela, a ʻo ka waiwai R ma waena o 10 a me 14 (U coefficient mai 0.1 a 0.07).Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Curcija, ʻoi aku ka lahilahi o ka mānoanoa o ka ʻāpana e like me ke aniani pani hoʻokahi.
Ke hana nei kekahi mea hana Iapana i kapa ʻia ʻo Nippon Sheet Glass (NSG) i nā mea hana aniani insulating vacuum (VIG).Wahi a Curcija, ua hoʻomaka pū nā mea hana Kina a me Guardian Glass o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i nā mea hana R-10 VIG.(Ua hoʻāʻo mākou e hoʻopili i ka Guardian akā ʻaʻole i loaʻa kahi pane.)
Aia nā pilikia ʻenehana.ʻO ka mua, ua huki ʻia nā ʻāpana ʻelua o waho o ke aniani.No ka pale ʻana i kēia, ua hoʻokomo ka mea hana i nā spacers liʻiliʻi ma waena o ke aniani e pale ai i ka hāʻule ʻana o nā papa.Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia mau pou liʻiliʻi mai kekahi i kekahi ma kahi mamao o 1 iniha a 2 iniha, e hana ana i kahi ākea o kahi 50 microns.Inā ʻoe e nānā pono, ʻike ʻoe he matrix nāwaliwali lākou.
Paʻakikī hoʻi nā mea hana i ka hana ʻana i kahi sila lihi hilinaʻi loa.Inā hāʻule, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, a he ʻōpala maoli ka puka makani.Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Curcija e hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia mau mea hana a puni nā ʻaoʻao me ke aniani hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma kahi o ka lipine a i ʻole ka hoʻopili ʻana ma nā IGU inflatable.ʻO ka hana maʻalea, ʻo ia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi mea palupalu e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i kahi mahana ʻaʻole e hōʻino i ka uhi haʻahaʻa-E ma ke aniani.No ka mea ua kaupalena ʻia ka hoʻoili wela o ka hāmeʻa holoʻokoʻa i ke kia e hoʻokaʻawale ana i nā pā aniani ʻelua, ʻo ka nui o ka helu R he 20.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Curcija he kumukūʻai nā mea hana e hana ai i ka mea VIG a ʻaʻole wikiwiki ke kaʻina hana e like me ka hana ʻana i ke aniani maʻamau.ʻOiai nā pōmaikaʻi o ia mau ʻenehana hou, ʻo ke kūpaʻa kumu o ka ʻoihana kūkulu i ka ikaika ikaika a me nā code hale e lohi i ka holomua.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Larson e pili ana i ka U-factor, hiki i nā mea VIG ke hoʻololi i ka pāʻani, akā hoʻokahi pilikia e pono ai nā mea hana pukaaniani e lanakila ai ʻo ia ka wela ma ka lihi o ka puka makani.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi inā hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo VIG i kahi kiʻi ʻoi aku ka ikaika me ka hana wela maikaʻi, akā ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻololi i ka ʻoihana maʻamau pālua-pane, inflatable Low-e.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Kyle Sword, ka luna hoʻomohala pāʻoihana ʻo ʻAmelika ʻĀkau o Pilkington, ma ke ʻano he lālā o NSG, ua hana ʻo Pilkington i kahi pūʻulu VIG i kapa ʻia ʻo Spacia, i hoʻohana ʻia i nā noi hale a me nā ʻoihana ma United States.Hele mai ka mea hana ma nā ʻano hoʻonohonoho like ʻole, me nā mea hana he 1⁄4 iniha ka mānoanoa.Aia lākou i kahi papa waho o ke aniani ha'aha'a, kahi ākea 0.2mm a me kahi ʻāpana o loko o ke aniani lana māmā.ʻO kahi spacer me ke anawaena o 0.5 mm e hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻāpana aniani ʻelua.ʻO ka mānoanoa o ka mana Super Spacia he 10.2 mm (ma kahi o 0.40 iniha), a ʻo ka helu U o ke kikowaena aniani he 0.11 (R-9).
Ua kākau ʻo Sword i kahi leka uila: "ʻO ka hapa nui o nā kūʻai aku o kā mākou ʻoihana VIG i hele i nā hale i loaʻa.""ʻO ka hapa nui o lākou no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoihana, akā ua hoʻopau mākou i nā hale noho like ʻole.Hiki ke kūʻai ʻia kēia huahana mai ka mākeke a kauoha ʻia i nā nui maʻamau.Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Sword, ʻo kahi hui i kapa ʻia ʻo Heirloom Windows e hoʻohana ana i nā ʻāpana vacuum i loko o kāna mau puka makani, i hoʻolālā ʻia e like me nā puka makani mua i nā hale mōʻaukala."Ua kamaʻilio wau me nā ʻoihana puka aniani e hiki ke hoʻohana i kā mākou huahana," i kākau ai ʻo Sword."Akā naʻe, ʻo ka IGU i hoʻohana ʻia e ka hapa nui o nā ʻoihana puka aniani i kēia lā ma kahi o 1 iniha ka mānoanoa, no laila hiki i kāna hoʻolālā puka makani a me ka hoʻoheheʻe extrusion ke hoʻokomo i nā puka aniani ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa."
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Sword, ʻo ke kumukūʻai o VIG ma kahi o $ 14 a i $ 15 no kēlā me kēia kapuaʻi square, hoʻohālikelike ʻia me $ 8 a i $ 10 no kēlā me kēia kapuaʻi square no kahi IGU mānoanoa 1-iniha.
ʻO kekahi hiki ke hoʻohana i ka airgel e hana i nā puka makani.ʻO Airgel kahi mea i hana ʻia i ka makahiki 1931. Hana ʻia ia ma ka unuhi ʻana i ka wai i loko o ka gel a hoʻololi iā ia me ke kinoea.ʻO ka hopena he paʻa paona ʻole me ka waiwai R kiʻekiʻe loa.Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Larsen, ʻoi aku ka laulā o kāna noi noi ma ke aniani, me ka hiki ke hoʻokō maikaʻi i ka hana wela ma mua o ʻekolu-layer a i ʻole vacuum IGU.ʻO ka pilikia ka maikaʻi o ka optical-ʻaʻole maopopo loa.
ʻO nā ʻenehana hoʻohiki ʻē aʻe e kokoke mai ana, akā loaʻa iā lākou āpau kahi mea e hina ai: ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kumukūʻai.Me ka ʻole o nā hoʻoponopono ikehu koʻikoʻi e koi ana i ka hana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, ʻaʻole loaʻa kekahi mau ʻenehana no kekahi manawa.Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Montgomery: "Ua hana pū mākou me nā ʻoihana he nui e hoʻohana ana i ka ʻenehana aniani hou," - "nā pena, nā uhi wela/optical/electric dense a me [ke aniani insulation vacuum].ʻOiai ʻo kēia mau mea a pau e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana o ka puka makani, akā i kēia manawa ʻO ka hoʻolālā kumukūʻai e kaupalena ʻia ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka mākeke noho.
Heʻokoʻa ka hana wela o ka IGU mai ka hana wela o ka puka makani holoʻokoʻa.Ke nānā nei kēia ʻatikala i ka IGU, akā ʻo ka mea maʻamau i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā pae hana o nā puka makani, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma nā stickers o ka National Window Frame Rating Board a me ka pūnaewele o ka mea hana, e ʻike ʻoe i kahi helu "puka piha", e noʻonoʻo ana i ka IGU a me ka pukaaniani. hana kiʻi.Ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana.ʻO ka hana o ka pukaaniani holoʻokoʻa he haʻahaʻa ma mua o ke aniani kikowaena papa o IGU.No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hana a me ka puka makani piha o IGU, pono ʻoe e hoʻomaopopo i kēia mau huaʻōlelo ʻekolu:
ʻO ka helu U e ana i ka nui o ka hoʻoili wela ma o ka mea.ʻO ka helu U ka pānaʻi o ka waiwai R.No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka waiwai R like, e puʻunaue i ka helu U me 1. ʻO ke kumu U haʻahaʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kahe o ka wela a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana wela.Makemake mau ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana o ka coefficient U haʻahaʻa.
Ke hele nei ke koena o ka wela o ka lā (SHGC) i loko o ka ʻāpana pāhawewe lā o ke aniani.He helu ka SHGC ma waena o 0 (ʻaʻohe hoʻouna) a me 1 (hoʻouna palena ʻole).Manaʻo ʻia e hoʻohana i nā puka makani SHGC haʻahaʻa ma nā wahi wela a me ka lā o ka ʻāina e lawe i ka wela mai ka hale a e hoʻemi i nā kumukūʻai hoʻomaha.
ʻO ka hoʻoili kukui ʻike ʻia (VT) ʻO ka hapa o ka mālamalama ʻike e hele ana ma ke aniani he helu pū kekahi ma waena o 0 a me 1. ʻO ka nui o ka helu, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka transmittance māmā.ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa maʻamau kēia pae, akā ʻo kēia no ka mea e pili ana ka pae pukaaniani holoʻokoʻa i ke kiʻi.
Ke puka mai ka lā ma ka puka makani, e mahana ana ka mālamalama i ka ʻili o ka hale, a piʻi aʻe ka mahana o loko.He mea maikaʻi ia i ka hoʻoilo anuanu ma Maine.Ma kahi lā wela ma Texas, ʻaʻole nui.ʻO nā puka makani haʻahaʻa loaʻa wela o ka lā (SHGC) e kōkua i ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka hoʻoili wela ma o ka IGU.ʻO kahi ala no nā mea hana e hana i ka SHGC haʻahaʻa, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā uhi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.Hoʻolālā ʻia kēia mau uhi metala e ālai i nā kukuna ultraviolet, e ʻae i ka mālamalama ʻike e hele a mālama i nā kukuna infrared e kūpono i ka hale a me kona aniau.ʻAʻole kēia he nīnau wale no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano kūpono o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, akā ʻo kona wahi noi.ʻOiai ʻaʻohe ʻike e pili ana i nā kūlana noi no nā pale haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a ʻokoʻa nā kūlana ma waena o nā mea hana a me nā ʻano uhi, eia nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau.
ʻO ke ala maikaʻi loa e hōʻemi ai i ka wela o ka lā i loaʻa ma o nā puka makani, ʻo ia ka uhi ʻana iā lākou me nā overhangs a me nā mea pale ʻē aʻe.I nā piʻi wela, he mea maikaʻi nō hoʻi e koho i nā puka makani SHGC haʻahaʻa me nā uhi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.ʻO nā puka makani no nā piʻi anuanu maʻamau ka uhi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma ka ʻili o loko o ke aniani o waho-ʻelua ʻili ma ka puka aniani pālua, ʻelua a ʻehā paha i loko o ka puka aniani ʻekolu.
Inā loaʻa kou hale ma kahi ʻāpana anuanu o ka ʻāina a makemake ʻoe e hoʻolako i kahi hoʻomehana hoʻoilo ma o ka ʻohi wela o ka lā passive, makemake ʻoe e hoʻohana i ka uhi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma ka ʻili o waho o ke aniani i loko (ke kolu o ka Layer surface) pukaaniani. , a hōʻike i ʻekolu a me ʻelima mau ʻili ma ka puka aniani ʻekolu).ʻO ke koho ʻana i kahi puka aniani i uhi ʻia ma kēia wahi ʻaʻole e loaʻa ka wela o ka lā, akā e kōkua pū ka puka makani i ka pale ʻana i ka wela mai loko mai o ka hale.
Palua ka nui o ke kinoea insulating.ʻO ka maʻamau pālua ʻelua IGU he ʻelua 1⁄8 iniha pane.Aniani, argon piha 1⁄2 iniha.Ea a me ka haʻahaʻa-emissivity uhi ma ka liʻiliʻi loa hoʻokahi ili.I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hana o ke aniani ʻāpana pālua, ua hoʻohui ka mea hana i kahi ʻāpana aniani ʻē aʻe, i hana i kahi lua hou no ke kinoea insulating.ʻO ka puka makani ʻekolu-pane maʻamau he ʻekolu mau pukaaniani 1⁄8 iniha.Aniani, 2 1⁄2 iniha i piha i ke kinoea, a me ka haahaa-E i loko o kela me keia lua.ʻEkolu mau hiʻohiʻona kēia o nā puka makani ʻekolu-pane mai nā mea hana hale.ʻO ka helu U a me ka SHGC nā pae o ka pukaaniani holoʻokoʻa.
Aia ka puka makani ecoSmart o Great Lakes Window (Ply Gem Company) i loko o ka polyurethane foam insulation i loko o kahi kiʻi PVC.Hiki iā ʻoe ke kauoha i nā puka makani me ke aniani ʻelua-pane a i ʻole triple-pane a me argon a i ʻole K gas.ʻO nā koho ʻē aʻe e pili ana i nā pale haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me nā uhi kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi i kapa ʻia ʻo Easy-Clean.ʻO ka helu U mai 0.14 a 0.20, a ʻo ka SHGC mai 0.14 a 0.25.
ʻO Sierra Pacific Windows kahi hui i hoʻohui ʻia.Wahi a ka hui, ua uhi ʻia ka ʻaoʻao alumini extruded me kahi ʻano lāʻau o Ponderosa pine a i ʻole Douglas pine, e hele mai ana mai kāna hana ulu lāʻau hoʻomau.ʻO ka ʻāpana Aspen i hōʻike ʻia ma aneʻi he 2-1⁄4-iniha mānoanoa nā kāʻei puka aniani a kākoʻo i ka 1-3⁄8-iniha mānoanoa ʻekolu-layer IGU.ʻO ka helu U mai 0.13 a 0.18, a ʻo ka SHGC mai 0.16 a 0.36.
ʻO ka puka makani ʻo Martin's Ultimate Double Hung G2 he pā i waho i hoʻopau ʻia i waho a me kahi paina i hoʻopau ʻole ʻia.ʻO ka hoʻopau ʻana o waho o ka puka makani he PVDF fluoropolymer coating kiʻekiʻe, i hōʻike ʻia ma Cascade Blue.Hoʻopiha ʻia ke kāʻei puka aniani ʻekolu i ka argon a i ʻole ea, a ʻo kona helu U he haʻahaʻa e like me 0.25, a ʻo ka laulā o SHGC mai 0.25 a 0.28.
Inā he hemahema ka puka aniani ʻekolu, ʻo ia ke kaumaha o ka IGU.Ua hana kekahi mau mea hana i nā puka makani ʻekolu-pane i kau ʻia, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o nā IGU ʻekolu-pane i kaupalena ʻia i nā hana paʻa, hāmama ʻaoʻao a hoʻohuli/huli i ka puka makani.ʻO ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i hoʻokuʻu ʻia kekahi o nā ʻano hana i hoʻohana ʻia e nā mea hana e hana i ka IGU me ka hana aniani ʻekolu-layer me ke kaumaha māmā.
E maʻalahi ka mālama ʻana i ka triad.Hāʻawi ʻo Alpen i kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni wela IGU, kahi i hoʻonohonoho ʻia me ʻelua keʻena piha piha me ka helu 0.16 U a me 0.24 a i ka 0.51 SHGC, a me kahi hale me nā keʻena piha piha ʻehā, nona ka helu 0.05 U, ka laulā Mai ka SHGC he 0.22. i ka 0.38.ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi ma mua o ke aniani ʻē aʻe hiki ke hoʻemi i ke kaumaha a me ka nui.
ʻO ka uhaki ʻana i ka palena, LiteZone Glass e hana i ka mānoanoa o ka IGU a hiki i 7-1⁄2 iniha, a hiki ke kau ʻia i ʻewalu papa kiʻiʻoniʻoni.ʻAʻole ʻoe e ʻike i kēia ʻano aniani i nā pani puka aniani maʻamau, akā i nā puka makani paʻa, e hoʻonui ka mānoanoa hou i ka waiwai R ma ke kikowaena o ke aniani i 19.6.Hoʻopiha ʻia ka hakahaka ma waena o nā papa kiʻiʻoniʻoni i ka ea a hoʻopili ʻia i kahi paipu hoʻohālikelike kaomi.
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka ʻaoʻao IGU ʻoi loa ma ka ʻāpana VIG a i ʻole ka ʻāpana aniani i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena insulation o ka vacuum ma IGU ma mua o ka ea a i ʻole ʻelua ʻano kinoea i hoʻohana mau ʻia no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, a ʻo ka mamao ma waena o nā puka makani hiki ke liʻiliʻi e like me kekahi mau millimeters.Ke hoʻāʻo nei ʻo Vacuum e hoʻopau i nā mea hana, no laila pono e hoʻolālā ʻia kēia mau mea VIG e kūʻē i kēia ikaika.
ʻO Pilkington's Spacia kahi mea VIG me ka mānoanoa o 6 mm wale nō, ʻo ia ke kumu i koho ai ka hui i koho no nā papahana mālama mōʻaukala.Wahi a ka moʻolelo o ka hui, hāʻawi ʻo VIG i "ka hana wela o nā aniani pālua kuʻuna me ka mānoanoa like ʻole me ka aniani pālua".Mai ka 0.12 a i ka 0.25 ka helu U o Spacia, a mai ka 0.46 a i ka 0.66 ka SHGC.
ʻO ka mea VIG o Pilkington he pā aniani waho i uhi ʻia me ka uhi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a ʻo ka pā aniani i loko he aniani lana alohilohi.I mea e pale ai i ka hāʻule ʻana o ka hakahaka o 0.2mm, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke aniani o loko a me ke aniani o waho e kahi spacer 1⁄2mm.ʻO ka uhi pale e uhi i nā puka e huki ai i ka ea mai ka mea hana a noho ma kahi no ke ola o ka puka makani.
ʻO ke alakaʻi hilinaʻi a piha i hāʻawi ʻia e nā poʻe loea e manaʻo ana e hana i kahi hale olakino, ʻoluʻolu a me ka ikaika
E lilo i lālā, hiki iā ʻoe ke komo koke i nā tausani o nā wikiō, nā ʻano hoʻohana, nā ʻōlelo hāmeʻa a me nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻolālā.
E kiʻi i ka ʻike pūnaewele piha no ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo loea, nā wikiō hana, nā loiloi code, etc., a me nā nūpepa paʻi ʻia.